The expression of SDF-1 was detected by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and the ex vivo chemotaxis function on CD34(+) cells was measured by coculture system and Transwell system SDF-1 gene-modified mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and CD34(-) cells

were infused into lethally irradiated SCID mice and the hematopoietic reconstitution in the recipient mice was examined.

Results. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein of SDF-1 in infected MSC were significantly higher than that of the non-infected control MSC (p < 0.05) The infected MSC have significant chemotaxis https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sbe-b-cd.html effect on CD34- cells in vitro and promote hematopoietic reconstitution after CD34(+) cell transplantation in vivo

Conclusion. MSC with high-level expression of SDF-1 can synergistically promote hematopoietic reconstitution after CD34(+) cell transplantation in lethally irradiated SCID mice.”
“is often assumed that droplets dispensed into standard microplate wells will automatically fill their bottoms. We show here by computational simulation and experimental verification that the ability to fill the well bottom is dependent on the surface wetting

characteristics. selleck chemicals llc The release of droplets at the center was also found to fill the well bottom better than droplet dispensation in contact with the well wall. Hydrophobic surfaces required higher liquid volumes to fill the well bottom; unlike the case with capillary wells microplates. This renders standard microplate wells less amenable for use in small volume liquid handling; a feature that is increasingly sought after in screening and studies involving scarce agents. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3525097]“
“The

risk of persistent pain following a retropubic sling is GSI-IX solubility dmso rare (1%). Nerve injuries have been suspected as a cause of persistent postoperative pain. We present two cases of postoperative pain thought to be secondary to injury or mechanical distortion of two different pelvic nerves. Visual exam, cystoscopy, and MRI studies demonstrated no abnormal findings. Manual examination produced site-specific tenderness thought to be associated with a specific nerve distribution. Each patient’s pain was first relieved with a local anesthetic block at the site of the pain. One patient required surgical excision of the mesh, and the second patient only required conservative management. Both patients’ pain completely resolved. Based on these and other reported cases, along with cadaveric dissections, we hypothesize that retropubic slings can potentially injure the pudendal, ilioinguinal, and iliohypogastric nerve branches.

Despite the antioxidant activity of seminal plasma, epididymis and spermatozoa, OS damages sperm function and DNA integrity. Since antioxidants suppress the action of reactive oxygen species, these compounds have been used in the medical treatment of male infertility or have been added to the culture medium during sperm separation techniques. Nevertheless, the efficacy Galunisertib of such a treatment has been reported to be very limited. This may relate to: (i) patient selection bias; (ii) late

diagnosis of male infertility; (iii) lack of double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial; and/or (iv) use of end-points that are not good markers of the presence of OS. This review considers the effects of the main antioxidant compounds used in clinical practice. Overall, the data published suggest that no single antioxidant is able to enhance fertilizing capability in infertile men, whereas a combination of them seems to provide a better approach. Taking into account the pros and the cons of antioxidant treatment of male infertility, the potential advantages that it offers cannot be ignored. Therefore, antioxidant therapy should remain in the forefront of preventive medicine, including human reproductive medicine.”
“Common atrioventricular valve (CAVV) regurgitation is widely known as a risk factor for mortality and

Fontan completion in patients with functional single ventricle. Hence, we reviewed our surgical experience with CAVV GSK J4 in vitro plasty in Fontan candidates.

Staged Fontan strategy and extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection as Fontan modification were our principal approaches in 1995. Since then, 38 consecutive Fontan candidates (21 males, median weight at operation was 7.0 kg and median age was 17 months old) underwent CAVV plasty. Right atrial isomerism was associated with 24 patients.

The initial CAVV plasty was performed before inter-stage bidirectional Glenn (BDG) in 3 patients, at BDG in 23, before Fontan in 4 and during Fontan find protocol in 8. Since 1995, the modified Alfieri technique with a tailed, expanded, polytetrafluoroethylene tube as a bridging strip was the procedure for repair and 27 patients underwent the procedure. The mean follow-up period was 7.1 years (range 0-17 years).

Actuarial survival and freedom from CAVV replacement rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 81, 70 and 67% and 89, 85 and 75%, respectively. Seven patients ultimately underwent CAVV replacement with one death. Twenty-three of the 38 patients completed Fontan operation (61%). Association with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (P= 0.01) and CAVV plasty before BDG (P= 0.05) were risk factors for mortality.

CAVV plasty for patients with functional single ventricle is still challenging; however, the aggressive and repeated surgical intervention may contribute to provide better life-prognosis.

The diseased neuronal networks are less efficient compared with normal neuronal networks. This disorganization may cause language impairments. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“A primary component of plant defense is the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by plasma membrane-localized SB202190 supplier pathogen recognition receptors.

PAMP perception results in rapid and transient activation of phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathways that lead to a wide array of defense-related responses, including extensive changes in gene expression. In Arabidopsis, several kinases, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) MPK6 and MPK3, are rapidly activated after PAMP treatment, and are thought to positively regulate a wide array of defense-related responses. In contrast, negative regulation of PAMP responses by downstream phosphatases remains poorly understood. Here we report the identification of Arabidopsis MAP Kinase Phosphatase

1 (MKP1) as a negative regulator of diverse PAMP responses, including activation of MPK6 and MPK3, transient production of extracellular reactive oxygen species, accumulation of a subset of PAMP-regulated transcripts, and inhibition of seedling growth. In agreement with the enhanced PAMP response phenotypes observed in the mkp1 mutant, we found that mkp1 seedlings and adult plants are more resistant to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas EPZ5676 molecular weight syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000. Further genetic

analysis revealed that MPK6, but not MPK3, is required for the mkp1-dependent increase in resistance to Pto and enhanced PAMP-induced growth inhibition observed in mkp1 seedlings. Together, our data support a role for MKP1 as a negative regulator of MPK6-mediated PAMP responses.”
“Free-radical homo- and copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) and n-butyl acrylate (BA) in benzene-d(6) were performed by using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator at 70 degrees C. Polymerization kinetic was followed by online H-1 NMR kinetic experiments. Significant drift in the comonomer mixture composition with reaction progress was observed. Reactivity ratios of VAc and BA were calculated by terminal FK866 clinical trial unit model (TUM) as well as by simplified penultimate unit model (PUM) with r(VAc) = 0. It was found that copolymer composition can be described well by the TUM. “”Lumped”" kinetic parameter (k(p).k(t)(-0.5)) was estimated from experimental data. A good fitting between the theoretical and experimental drifts in the comonomer mixture and copolymer compositions with reaction progress was observed. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 543-553, 2012″
“Seizure activity induces transient changes in the levels of neuropeptide V (NPY) and somatostatin (SS) in various brain regions, but it remains unclear whether this effect can persist for long periods and whether it is relevant to epileptogenesis.

“
“Purpose: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the strength of the association between gynecologic surgeries, tubal ligation and hysterectomy, Vistusertib solubility dmso and ovarian cancer.

Methods: We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for all English-language articles dated between 1969 through March 2011 using the keywords “”ovarian cancer”" and “”tubal ligation”" or “”tubal sterilization”" or “”hysterectomy.”" We identified 30 studies on tubal ligation and 24

studies on hysterectomy that provided relative risks for ovarian cancer and a p-value or 95% confidence interval (CI) to include in the meta-analysis. Summary RRs and 95% CIs were calculated using a random-effects model.

Results: The summary RR for women with vs. without AZD2171 tubal ligation was 0.70 (95%CI: 0.64, 0.75). Similarly, the summary RR for women with vs. without hysterectomy was 0.74 (95%CI: 0.65, 0.84). Simple hysterectomy and hysterectomy with unilateral oophorectomy were associated with a similar decrease in risk (summery RR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.49- 0.79 and 0.60, 95%CI: 0.47-0.78, respectively). In secondary analyses, the association between

tubal ligation and ovarian cancer risk was stronger for endometrioid tumors (summary RR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.61) compared to serous tumors.

Conclusion: Observational epidemiologic evidence strongly supports that tubal ligation and hysterectomy are associated with a decrease

in the risk of ovarian cancer, by approximately 26-30%. Additional research is needed to determine whether the association between tubal ligation and hysterectomy on ovarian cancer risk differs by individual, surgical, and tumor characteristics.”
“Aim: The aim of this study was to survey early preterm (prior to 32 weeks’ gestation) singleton live births in Iwate Prefecture as a provincial model of the medical situation in Japan.

Materials and Methods: Data from 177 early preterm singleton live births, and 31 445 total live births (January 2005-December 2007) in Iwate Prefecture Japan were used to analyze the incidence of early preterm singleton live birth in each medical service area.

Results: The incidence of spontaneous early preterm singleton Go6983 clinical trial live birth did not differ between the coastal and inland medical service areas (3.35 vs 3.57 per 1000 live births). In the Morioka medical service area (radius about 40 km), the incidence of spontaneous early preterm singleton live birth in municipalities without obstetric care facilities was significantly higher than that in municipalities with obstetric care facilities (6.62 vs 2.65 per 1000 live births, P < 0.005). The incidence of early preterm singleton live birth due to pregnancy-induced hypertension in the coastal medical service areas was higher than that in the inland areas (1.67 vs 0.71 per 1000 live births, P < 0.05).

86 mm +/- 0.47 (standard deviation), 3.68 mm +/- 2.60, and 3.60 mm +/- 2.57, respectively. Experts had a 70% probability of sampling a prior biopsy target volume of 0.5 cm(3) with 2D transrectal US; however, the probability approached Selleck Go6983 100%

with guided 3D transrectal US. Biopsy accuracy was not significantly different between experts and residents for any modality; however, experts were significantly (P < .05) faster than residents with each modality.

Conclusion: Repeat biopsy of the prostate with 2D transrectal US has limited accuracy. Compared with 2D transrectal US, the biopsy accuracy of both experts and residents improved with guided 3D transrectal US but did not improve with conventional 3D transrectal US. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“The MK5108 research buy relationship between specific epilepsy syndromes and particular sleep symptoms has not been well delineated. The authors’ aim was to test the hypothesis that children with rolandic epilepsy exhibit more frequent sleep problems and daytime sleepiness compared with children without epilepsy. They compared parent-reported sleep behaviors of 43 children with rolandic epilepsy aged 6 to 16 years recruited from 5 US pediatric

neurology centers with a historical reference and sleep clinic sample using the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire. The authors compared the differences in mean frequency of sleep problems and patterns. Total Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire scores were significantly higher (P < .001)

in the rolandic epilepsy sample than reference. Parents of children with rolandic epilepsy reported a significantly shorter sleep duration (P < .006), more frequent parasomnias (P < .008), and increased daytime sleepiness (P < .001). Thus, parents of children with rolandic epilepsy reported more problematic sleep and daytime impairment compared with a reference sample of children.”
“Nasal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) is known as a significant risk factor for nosocomial infections, and clearance of its nasal colonization greatly reduces the risk. In the present study the preparation and characterizations of the chitosan-o/w cream incorporated with lysostaphin (CCL) were www.selleckchem.com/products/wortmannin.html described. It showed that the concentration of incorporated lysostaphin had a direct relationship with its release behavior from the cream. It was rapid at 2 and 3.5 mg lysostaphin/g cream and of a more sustained pattern at 5 mg lysostaphin/g cream. Efficacy of lysostaphin released from the CCL cream to inhibit S.aureus growth was higher than that of lysostaphin delivery routinely treated, as demonstrated by the reduction of the mucociliary transport rate (MTR) in contrast to the control graphite particles (p < 0.05). Therefore, it is concluded that drug delivery by the CCL holds its potential as a local nasal anti-S.aureus infection.</.”
“Purpose: To evaluate a technique to perform fluoroscopically directed thoracic transforaminal epidural injections.

0. The pH effect was reasonably explicated by the catalytic kinetic model suggested in this work. The catalytic mechanism was discussed. The deprotonized associated radical LCu(I)(OH(-))-(center dot)OOH was suggested as the possible predominant species to oxidize DMP. The C-C and C-O coupling products were analyzed and the ratio of poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE) to DPQ was also evaluated.

Both in weak acidic (pH < 6.5) and in alkaline aqueous solution (pH > 8) were suitable to the C-O coupling reaction in our catalytic systems. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 118: 2043-2049, 2010″
“Study Design. The study design was that of an in vitro human cadaveric biomechanical analysis.

Objectives. The objective of this study was the biomechanical SHP099 analysis of the range of motion (ROM) of a 2-level intact spine control versus total, then operative and adjacent-segment ROM after (1) 2-level ProDisc-C placement (PP), (2) anterior cervical discectomy and fusions (ACDFs), and (3) hybrid constructs of both. Follower load and multidirectional testing were performed in each instance.

Summary of Background Data. With in vivo cervical arthroplasties gaining in popularity, limited biomechanical data are available, which highlight

changes in the adjacent-level biomechanics Selleckchem JNJ-26481585 after multilevel procedures.

Methods. Biomechanical testing for ROM was performed using 7 cadaveric C4-T1 spine specimens. Moments up to 2 Nm with a 100 N follower load were applied in flexion/extension (F/E), right and left lateral bending (LB), and right and left axial rotation (AR). Specimens were tested in the intact state and then with a combination of ProDisc-C arthroplasty and ACDF at C5-C6 and C6-C7.

Results. In the 2-level PP group, the increase in ROM in F/E, LB, and AR of C4-T1 occurs due to an increased ROM at the operative level. The ROM of the level adjacent to the operative levels showed no significant change, except at C4-C5 in LB. For the latter level, the ROM of C4-C5 in each direction Staurosporine purchase showed increases for each parameter. In the 2-level fusion C5-C6 and C6-C7 fusion (FF) group,

the ROM in F/E, LB, and AR of C4-T1 was decreased because of a decrease in ROM primarily at the fused levels, and the ROM of adjacent levels was increased. In the ProDisc- C/Fusion (PF) and Fusion/ProDisc-C (FP) groups undergoing placements of a 1-level ProDisc-C/1-level fusion with cage and plate, both groups showed no significant ROM change of C4-T1 when compared with the control and no significant change at adjacent levels, with the exception of C4-C5 in LB.

Conclusion. (1) Two-level ACDFs decrease whereas 2-level PPs increase the entire C4-T1 ROM. (2) ACDF/ProDisc-C hybrid operations do not alter the C4-T1 ROM. (3) For the ACDF/ProDisc-C hybrid operative groups, the combined ROM of the operative levels showed no significant difference when compared with that of the intact spine.

Contact-angle measurements were used to validate the results from the rheometer.

In situ noninvasive optical reflection was used to measure the longevity of the coatingtime-dependent loss of entrapped air within the coatingas a function of salinity. The superhydrophobic coating used herein consisted of PS fibers that were deposited using DC-biased AC-electrospinning. Electrospinning is scalable and far less expensive than conventional methods (e.g., microfabrication), bringing the technology closer to large-scale submerged bodies such as submarines and ships. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011″
“The aim of selleck chemical this article was to present an endodontically managed maxillary first molar with unusual C-shaped palatal selleck screening library root morphology confirmed by cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) images. CBCT axial images showed the presence of C-shaped palatal root canal anatomy with a palatal root bifurcation at the apical third. The evaluation of CBCT images can result in better understanding of root canal anatomy, which enables the clinician to investigate the root canal system and to clean, shape, and obturate it more effectively. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol

Endod 2011;111:e41-e45)”
“The association between isolate genotype, defined as in the international spoligotype database SpolDB4, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis was determined among 1009 patients in a population-based, 4-year survey performed in Tuscany, Italy. Extrapulmonary disease occurred in 24.2% of patients. A statistically significant association with extrapulmonary disease was found for the BOVIS (adjusted OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.2-8.1) and for the Central Asian (CAS) lineages (adjusted OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.0-5.1). These findings support the view that Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains within individual genotypic

lineages might have evolved unique pathogenic characteristics that are capable of influencing the clinical outcome of the infection.”
“Background: Alvocidib Erythrocyte-associated antigenic polymorphisms or their absence have perhaps evolved in the human population to protect against malarial infection. Studies in various populations consistently demonstrate that blood group ‘O’ confers resistance against severe falciparum infection. In India, Odisha state has one of the highest incidences of Plasmodium falciparum infection and contributes to the highest number of deaths by falciparum malaria. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between ABO blood group and severe malaria in an adult population at the tertiary care centre in Odisha.

Methods: A total of 353 P. falciparum infected subjects and 174 healthy controls were screened for ABO blood group. Falciparum-infected individuals were categorized as severe malaria and uncomplicated malaria. Severe malaria was further clinically phenotyped into cerebral malaria, non-cerebral severe malaria and multi-organ dysfunction.

Our algorithm represents the first phylogeny-based RG-7388 ic50 tool to analyze the differentiation status of human tumors.”
“Vemonia herbacea (Vell.) Rusby, a native species from the Brazilian Cerrado, accumulates about

80% of fructans in the rhizophores, the underground reserve organs. Besides their role as reserve, fructans have been recognized as protective compounds against drought. This physiological function attributed to fructans seems consistent with the wide occurrence of these carbohydrates in the cerrado, a biome that undergoes seasonal drought. The aim of this work was to analyze fructan composition and the activities of the enzymes involved in fructan synthesis, sucrose:sucrose 1-frutosyltransferase (1-SST) and

fructan:fructan 1-frutosyltransferase (1-FFT), and depolymerization, fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH) in plants submitted to water suppression. The plants were divided into 3 groups receiving 3 treatments: daily watering (control), P5091 in vitro water suppression for 23 days (WS) and re-watering after 15 days (RW). Samples were taken at the beginning of the experiment (Time 0) and after 3, 7, 11, 15, 17 and 23 days of water suppression. 1-SST and 1-FFT activities increased at the beginning of the water restriction period, coinciding with a decrease in 1-FEH activity, the onset of the reduction in soil water potential and in leaf water potential. Increases in 1-FEH and invertase activities led to a high yield of reducing sugars at the 23rd day after water suppression, and together with 1-FFT, 1-FEH also

seemed to act in the redistribution of fructan molecules after re-watering. The increase in reducing sugars and in the fructo-oligo:fructopolysaccharide ratio were associated to the maintenance of rhizophore turgor. Considering that WS plants showed changes in fructan metabolism that favored water retention and absorption after rewatering, the occurrence of osmotic adjustment mechanisms www.selleckchem.com/products/defactinib.html is suggested, reinforcing the hypothesis of fructans as protective agents against abiotic stresses, such as drought. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites injected by mosquitoes into the blood rapidly enter liver hepatocytes and undergo pre-erythrocytic developmental schizogony forming tens of thousands of merozoites per hepatocyte. Shortly after hepatocyte invasion, the parasite starts to produce Liver Stage Antigen-1 (LSA-1), which accumulates within the parasitophorous vacuole surrounding the mass of developing merozoites. The LSA-1 protein has been described as a flocculent mass, but its role in parasite development has not been determined.

The reoperation rates were higher in patients receiving a continent cutaneous diversion or bladder substitution. Blood loss was higher in high-volume units; otherwise, surgical volume did not affect mortality rates, cancer-specific survival or reoperation rates.”
“The aim of this study is to assess the diagnostic relevance of the presenting bladder volume (PBV) at urodynamics in women. Its measurement is most accurately made by adding the voided volume at uroflowmetry and the postvoid residual. The study involved 1,140 women presenting for their initial urogynecological assessment. Multivariate analysis of the relationships between high or low PBVs and different

clinical and urodynamic variables. Median PBV was 174 mL. In overall terms, women with lower PBVs (0-174 mL) are significantly more likely to be older, of lower parity (0-1), have the symptom of nocturia, and the final diagnoses of CX-4945 cell line sensory urgency and detrusor overactivity. These women are significantly less likely to have posterior vaginal and apical vaginal prolapse. Women with higher PBVs (over 174 mL) are significantly less likely to have either bladder storage diagnoses. The relatively low median PBV might reduce the demonstration of clinical AG-014699 in vivo stress leakage and restrict the interpretation

of uroflowmetry data.”
“The potential genotoxicity (nuclear anomalies, damage to single-strand DNA) and pinocytic adherence activity of two (glyphosate-based and paraquat-based) commercial herbicides to earthworm coelomocytes (immune cells in the coelomic cavity) were assessed. Coelomocytes were extracted from earthworms (Pheretima peguana) exposed to concentrations <LC50 of glyphosate-based or paraquat-based herbicides on filter paper for 48 h. Three assays were performed: Micronucleus (light microscopy count of micronuclei, binuclei, and trinuclei), Comet (epifluorescent microscope and LUCIA image analyzer measure

of tail DNA %, tail length, and tail moment), and Neutral Red (to detect MK 8931 cost phagocytic or pinocytic activity). The LC50 value for paraquat was 65-fold lower than for glyphosate indicating that paraquat was far more acutely toxic to P. peguana. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences from the control group in total coelomocyte micronuclei, binuclei, and trinuclei frequencies of earthworms exposed to glyphosate at 25 x 10(-1) (10(-3) LC50) and paraquat at 39 x 10(-5) (10(-4) LC50) mu g cm(-2) filter paper. In earthworms exposed to glyphosate, no differences in tail DNA%, tail length, and tail moment of coelomocytes were detected. In contrast, for paraquat at 10(-1) LC50 concentration, there were significant (P < 0.05) differences between tail DNA % and tail length, and at LC50 concentration, tail moment was also significantly different when compared with controls. A decline in pinocytic adherence activity in coelomocytes occurred on exposure to glyphosate or paraquat at 10(-3) LC50 concentration.

25-2.2 Gy)

Results Species-specific changes of TeBG parameters were found depending on the type of IR, dose and time after irradiation. Specifically children living in radionuclide contaminated regions (near Chernobyl) were found to have a decrease of positive cooperativity for the TeBG-androgen binding, a drop of TeBG levels, and a decline in hormone affinity Screening of natural substances

(from phanerogams and fungi) detected that lipid polyene complexes of the basidiomycete L. sulphureus allowed recovery of the standard features of TeBG.

Conclusions LBH589 7-Cl-O-Nec1 IR induced a depletion of TeBG from

blood Simultaneously with species-specific changes of TeBG, which depend on the type of radiation, the dose of radiation (from 0 25 up to 22.2 Gy), and the time after radiation The Hill coefficient of TeBG (indicating the degree of molecular cooperativity when hormone binding) appeared to be the most radiosensitive marker of the glycoprotein activity because of it is inversely to radiation dose There are pharmacological possibilities to restore IR-induced “”declines”" of TeBG’s affinity and cooperativity for androgen ligand binding.”
“We report a serious bleeding complication due to injury of the corona mortis following insertion of a transvaginal tape, TVT-Secur (TM) (Ethicon Women’s Health, Sommerville, NJ, USA).

The TVT-Secur (TM) was inserted using the

U-Approach: the tape was pushed along the periost behind the arc of the pubic bone at an angle of 45A degrees.

Surgery was unproblematic. Four hours INCB024360 datasheet after surgery, the patient showed shock signs; a CT scan revealed a 13.5 x 9.5-cm-sized retrosymphysic haematoma. Instant laparotomy with removal of the large haematoma, ligation of the bleeding corona mortis and administration of erythrocyte concentrates were necessary.

The corona mortis is an anastomosis between the arteria obturatoria and the external iliac vessels or its branches that passes over the superior pubic ramus. Its prevalence and anatomical relation to the pubic bone are important to bear in mind when applying new surgical techniques.