Besides, the in vitro enzymatic transformation of the representative differential constituents was explored. From the investigation of mulberry leaves and silkworm droppings, 95 components were discovered, 27 found only in mulberry leaves and 8 solely in silkworm droppings. The major differential constituents were flavonoid glycosides and, importantly, chlorogenic acids. Nineteen components were assessed quantitatively, revealing significant variations. Prominent among these were neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin, which displayed both substantial differences and high concentrations.(3) intermedia performance The silkworm's mid-gut crude protease's significant metabolism of neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid might be a pivotal factor in the altered effectiveness observed in mulberry leaves and silkworm waste products. The research presented here creates a scientific base for the growth, implementation, and quality regulation of mulberry leaves and silkworm excrement. References support the clarification of the possible material foundation and mechanism behind the transition of mulberry leaves from pungent-cool and dispersing to silkworm droppings' pungent-warm and dampness-resolving attributes, offering a fresh insight into the nature-effect transformation mechanisms in traditional Chinese medicine.

Following the definition of the Xinjianqu prescription and the enhanced lipid-lowering components by fermentation processes, this study contrasts the lipid-lowering impacts of Xinjianqu before and after fermentation to analyze the hyperlipidemia treatment mechanism. Seventy SD rats were divided into seven experimental groups, each with ten rats. These groups included a control group, a model group, a positive control group receiving simvastatin (0.02 g/kg), and low- and high-dose Xinjianqu groups (16 g/kg and 8 g/kg, respectively) before and after fermentation. A high-fat diet was administered to rats in every group for six weeks, establishing a hyperlipidemia (HLP) model. Following a successful modeling process, rats were fed a high-fat diet and gavaged with the corresponding drugs once daily for six weeks. This study assessed the influence of Xinjianqu on body mass, liver coefficient, and small intestinal motility in rats with HLP, pre- and post-fermentation. By employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the influence of fermentation on Xinjiangqu samples was investigated, specifically focusing on total cholesterol (TC), triacylglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), motilin (MTL), gastrin (GAS), and Na+-K+-ATPase levels, comparing pre- and post-fermentation conditions. An investigation into the influence of Xinjianqu on rat liver morphology, specifically in cases of hyperlipidemia (HLP), was undertaken using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and oil red O staining procedures. Researchers employed immunohistochemistry to assess the influence of Xinjianqu on the expression profiles of adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK), phosphorylated AMPK(p-AMPK), liver kinase B1(LKB1), and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate monoacyl coenzyme A reductase(HMGCR) in liver tissue. The effects of Xinjiangqu on modulating intestinal flora in rats with hyperlipidemia (HLP) were investigated through 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. Observational data revealed a pronounced divergence between the model and normal groups. The model group rats exhibited significantly elevated body mass and liver coefficients (P<0.001), accompanied by a significantly reduced small intestine propulsion rate (P<0.001). Significantly higher serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, AST, BUN, Cr, and AQP2 (P<0.001) were observed, alongside a significant decrease in serum levels of HDL-C, MTL, GAS, and Na+-K+-ATP (P<0.001). Rats in the model group exhibited a substantial decrease (P<0.001) in the hepatic protein expression of AMPK, p-AMPK, and LKB1, in contrast to a significant increase (P<0.001) in HMGCR expression. The observed-otus, Shannon, and Chao1 indices were demonstrably lower (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in the rat fecal flora of the model group, in addition. The model group revealed a decrease in the relative abundance of Firmicutes, contrasted by an increase in Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria; importantly, the relative abundance of beneficial genera, including Ligilactobacillus and LachnospiraceaeNK4A136group, also decreased. All Xinjiang groups demonstrated a regulatory effect on the body mass, liver coefficient, and small intestine index of HLP-affected rats, compared to the model group (P<0.005 or P<0.001). Serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, AST, BUN, Cr, and AQP2 were decreased, while serum HDL-C, MTL, GAS, and Na+-K+-ATP levels increased. Improvements in liver morphology and increased protein expression gray values of AMPK, p-AMPK, and LKB1 were noted in the HLP rat livers. However, the gray value of LKB1 was reduced. HLP-affected rats exhibited altered intestinal flora, as evidenced by changes in Xinjianqu groups, leading to increased observedotus, Shannon, and Chao1 indices, and a rise in Firmicutes, Ligilactobacillus (genus), and LachnospiraceaeNK4A136group (genus) relative abundance. Biotin-HPDP clinical trial Furthermore, the high concentration of fermented Xinjianqu displayed marked impacts on body mass, liver size, intestinal motility, and serum indices in rats with HLP (P<0.001), showcasing a significant enhancement compared to previous results achieved by non-fermented Xinjianqu groups. The experimental results displayed above indicated that Xinjianqu administration in hyperlipidemic rats improved blood lipid levels, liver and kidney function, and gastrointestinal motility. The therapeutic effect was distinctly enhanced by fermentation of Xinjianqu. A potential link between the regulation of intestinal flora structure and the LKB1-AMPK pathway exists, involving the proteins AMPK, p-AMPK, LKB1, and HMGCR.

In an effort to address the poor solubility of Dioscoreae Rhizoma formula granules, a powder modification process was employed, resulting in improved powder properties and microstructure of the Dioscoreae Rhizoma extract powder. An investigation was undertaken to assess how modifier dosage and grinding time affect the solubility of Dioscoreae Rhizoma extract powder, with solubility serving as the evaluation parameter to determine the best modification method. Differences in particle size, fluidity, specific surface area, and additional powder properties of Dioscoreae Rhizoma extract powder samples were observed before and after modification. Using a scanning electron microscope, the microstructural alterations before and after modification were examined, and the modification principles were explored through the use of multi-light scatterer techniques. Upon incorporating lactose for powder modification, the solubility of Dioscoreae Rhizoma extract powder displayed a significant increase, as evidenced by the results. Substantial reduction in insoluble material (from 38 mL to 0 mL) was observed in the modified Dioscoreae Rhizoma extract powder, prepared via an optimized process. The dry granulated particles subsequently dissolved completely within 2 minutes of water exposure, maintaining the levels of indicator components adenosine and allantoin. Substantial modification-induced reductions in particle size were evident in the Dioscoreae Rhizoma extract powder, decreasing from 7755457 nanometers to 3791042 nanometers. Improvements in specific surface area, porosity, and hydrophilicity were also noted. A significant factor in increasing the solubility of Dioscoreae Rhizoma formula granules was the breakdown of the surface 'coating membrane' of the starch granules and the scattering of water-soluble excipients. This research employed powder modification techniques to solve the solubility issue with Dioscoreae Rhizoma formula granules, contributing valuable data for enhancing product quality and offering technical guidance for improving the solubility in other similar herbal products.

Sanhan Huashi Granules, a newly approved traditional Chinese medicine, utilizes the Sanhan Huashi formula (SHF) as an intermediary for treating COVID-19 infections. Twenty singular herbal medicines contribute to the complicated chemical composition of SHF. Tetracycline antibiotics This study utilized the UHPLC-Orbitrap Exploris 240 system for identifying chemical constituents in SHF and rat plasma, lung, and fecal matter following oral SHF administration. Heat maps were employed to graphically represent the distribution characteristics of these chemical components. Using a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm), a chromatographic separation was carried out, involving a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phases. Data acquisition was performed using an electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in both positive and negative modes. Utilizing quasi-molecular ions, MS/MS fragment ions, and comparative analysis of reference substances’ spectra alongside literature data, eighty SHF components were determined; these include fourteen flavonoids, thirteen coumarins, five lignans, twelve amino compounds, six terpenes, and thirty miscellaneous compounds. Further analysis detected forty components in rat plasma, twenty-seven in lung tissue, and fifty-six in fecal matter. Component identification and characterization of SHF, using both in vitro and in vivo approaches, are pivotal for revealing its pharmacodynamic substances and elucidating its scientific implications.

The purpose of this research is to isolate and comprehensively describe self-assembled nanoparticles (SANs) from the Shaoyao Gancao Decoction (SGD), and to analyze the concentration of active components present. Additionally, our objective was to observe the therapeutic response of SGD-SAN to imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice. Dialysis facilitated the separation of SGD, a process subsequently optimized via single-factor experimentation. Characterization of the SGD-SAN, isolated via an optimal procedure, was undertaken, and the concentration of gallic acid, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin, and glycyrrhizic acid in each portion of the SGD was quantified through HPLC. Mice in the animal experiment were divided into a normal group, a model group, a methotrexate (0.001 g/kg) group, and distinct groups receiving different doses (1, 2, and 4 g/kg) of SGD, SGD sediment, SGD dialysate, and SGD-SAN.