57 (1.03 × 107 cells mL−1), 30 days after inoculation, and then the concentration declined rapidly (Fig. 1). The highest concentration of signaling molecules in the culture was about 18 nM relative to the reference OOHL based on the β-galactosidase activity. Mass scan analysis from 50 to 800 Da showed that three compounds in the metabolites of M. aeruginosa possessed the characteristic lactone moiety at m/z 102 of AHL-like molecules at retention time of 25.7, 27.7, and 39.2 min (Fig. 2). One of the compounds eluted at 39.2 min exhibited a quasi-molecular ion peak at m/z 256, in addition to the typical ion at m/z 101.8 that

is characteristic of an AHL fragment (Shaw et al., 1997). The ion at m/z 238 owing to [M +H−18]+ was produced by the AHLs because of the loss of water from the alkyl chain GSK126 price (Morin et al., 2003). These common features disclosed that this compound also belonged to the C4–14 AHL series. However, the strongest product of ions at m/z 88.1 is quite different from either the 3-oxo-C4–14 AHL compounds whose putative Ceritinib solubility dmso diagnostic ions

often appeared at m/z 98 (Ortori et al., 2007) or the 3-hydroxy-AHLs series whose diagnostic ions appeared at m/z values of 55, 69, 83, 97, etc., according to different alkyl chain length (Shaw et al., 1997). As for the unsubstituted acyl side chains systems, the diagnostic ions at m/z values of 95, 109, 123, and 137 become more prevalent (Ortori et al., 2007). This observation proved the existence of a CH3CH(OH)CH2CO-unit in the alkyl chain. Moreover, the quasi-molecular ion peak at m/z 256, along with the AHL moiety led to the deduction of the structure (Fig. 2). SEM photographs of M. aeruginosa showed that

the algal cells seemed to be experiencing free-living (< 20 day), aggregation (20–40 days), and disintegration (> 40 days) growth phases under laboratory culture conditions (Fig. 3). In addition, a biofilm-like membrane Liothyronine Sodium layer formed at 30 days after inoculation, which accompanied a strong aggregation of the cells (Fig. 3c1 and c2). To test the biological effects of QS signal, algal cells were cultured in BG-11 medium containing AHLs extracts (about 20 nM relative to the reference OOHL), which was obtained from the culture of M. aeruginosa at 30 days after inoculation. Compared with those in the fresh BG-11, the AHLs extracts could promote the formation of a biofilm-like membrane in M. aeruginosa, which appeared at 20 days (Fig. 3b2) and became thicker at 30 days (Fig. 3c2) after inoculation. QS that involves AHLs has been described in more than 70 different Gram-negative species of bacteria. All AHLs are composed of the conserved homoserine lactone ring and an amide (N)-linked acyl side chain that varies in the range of 4–18 carbons, may be saturated or unsaturated and be with or without the substitution at the third position (usually hydroxy- or oxo-) (Czajkowski & Jafra, 2009).