These findings suggest that therapies should be designed to effectively control or eliminate the symmetric division of CSCs and to reduce or destroy the CSC niches. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis is controlled by Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM) binding with and kinase-dependent phosphorylation of constitutive
NO synthases, which catalyze the formation of NO and L-citrulline from L-arginine. NO operates as a mediator of important cell signaling pathways, such as cGMP signaling cascade. Another mechanism by which NO exerts biological effects is mediated via post-translational modification of redox-sensitive cysteine thiols of proteins. The Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) such as CaM kinase I, CaM kinase II, and CaM kinase IV, are a family of protein kinases which requires binding of Ca(2+)/CaM to and subsequent phosphorylation of the enzymes to initiate Bromosporine its activation process. We report other regulation mechanisms of CaM kinases, such as S-glutathionylation of CaM kinase 1 at Cys(179) and S-nitrosylation of CaM kinase II at Cys(6/30). Such unique post-translational modification of CaMKs by NO shed light
on a new area of mutual CB-839 mouse regulation of NO- and CaM kinases-signals. Based on the novel direct regulation of these kinases, we propose that CaM kinases/NO signaling would be good targets for understanding how they can participate in neuronal physiology and disease. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The debate between niche-based and neutral community theories centers around the question of which forces shape predominantly IKBKE ecological communities. Niche theory attributes a central role to niche differences between species, which generate a difference between the strength of intra- and interspecific interactions. Neutral theory attributes a central role to migration processes and demographic
stochasticity. One possibility to bridge these two theories is to combine them in a common mathematical framework. Here we propose a mathematical model that integrates the two perspectives. From a niche-based perspective, our model can be interpreted as a Lotka-Volterra model with symmetric interactions in which we introduce immigration and demographic stochasticity. From a neutral perspective, it can be interpreted as Hubbell’s local community model in which we introduce a difference between intra- and interspecific interactions. We investigate the stationary species abundance distribution and other community properties as functions of the interaction coefficient, the immigration rate and the strength of demographic stochasticity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The Keap1-Nrf2 regulatory system plays a central role in cytoprotection from electrophilic and oxidative stress. In unstressed conditions, Nrf2 is constantly ubiquitinated by the Cul3-Keap1 ubiquitin E3 ligase complex and is degraded in the proteasome.