The depth of wear is gradually decreased which makes the fluid-based wear cannot realize the global surface planarization by itself. The abrasive wear process leads to characteristic surface topography running in the same direction as the sliding motion while the adhesive wear leads to the atoms of the substrate materials adhere to the opposing surface. The adhesion wear plays an important role at lower moving speed while

the abrasive wear dominates the wear process at higher moving speed which means the moving speed is one of the key factors that influence the particle wear mechanism at the nanometer scale. Different tribology behavior involved in the CMP indicates that the final surface planarization is accomplished by the synergetic effect of different wear mechanism. (C) 2011 American Institute buy NU7026 of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3626798]“
“The objectives of this study were to study the relationship between in vivo ultrasound measurements and cold carcass measurements at 4 anatomical points of the backbone, and to establish regression equations to estimate KPT-8602 manufacturer carcass composition within the cold carcass weight range for Ternasco lambs (8 to 12.5 kg) by using ultrasonic measurements taken

at a single location. Measurements of subcutaneous fat and skin thickness and of muscle depth and width were taken over the 10th to 11th and 12th to 13th thoracic vertebrae and the 1st to 2nd and 3rd to 4th lumbar vertebrae. These measurements were taken at 2 and 4 cm from the nearest end of the LM to the backbone and at 1/3 of the LM width with the probe perpendicular to and parallel to the backbone. The left sides of the carcasses were dissected into muscle, fat, and bone. Body weight (22.6 kg) and cold carcass weight (10.8 kg) were representative of Ternasco light lambs. Muscle depth measured selleck chemical at 2 cm, 4 cm, and 1/3 of LM width remained regular, with slight ups and downs along the spine. All the pairs of in vivo ultrasound and cold carcass measurements were significantly different (P < 0.05) and had small correlations. All the ultrasound measurements of muscle depth at any location or at

any distance to the backbone were less than their equivalent cold carcass measurements, with differences ranging from 0.8 to 5.9 mm. Differences between ultrasound fat thickness + interface (US_FDGI) and cold carcass fat thickness were less than differences between ultrasound fat thickness and cold carcass fat thickness, ranging from -0.9 to -1.0 mm for the former and from -2.1 to -0.5 mm for the latter. The small differences in absolute values between US_FDGI and cold carcass fat thickness suggest that US_FDGI is the best measure of the real fatness level of the lambs. The best prediction equations for muscle, bone, and fat were developed with in vivo ultrasound data measured at the 1st to 2nd lumbar vertebrae perpendicularly to the backbone, but they had limited predictive value.