, 2011). Together these data suggest that the role for thiamine in acid tolerance may well result from the requirement for acetoin production from pyruvate under conditions of acid stress, although further experiments will be required to test this model rigorously. The authors are grateful to members of the Bacterial

Stress Response Group at NUI Galway for helpful discussions and comments on the manuscript. We thank Prof Simon Foster for providing us with EGD (pLTV3). The work was supported by a Science Foundation Ireland SIRG award to K.A.K. (09/SIRG/B1570) and by an Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology EMBARK award to M.U. “
“A novel expression system for Lactobacillus plantarum was developed. This system is based on the manganese starvation-inducible promoter from specific manganese transporter of L. plantarum NC8, which was cloned for the first time. The Obeticholic Acid datasheet expression of a β-glucosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus (CelB) was achieved by cultivating L. plantarum NC8 at low manganese concentrations with MRS medium and the pmntH2-CelB expression vector. Adriamycin A CelB activity of 8.52 μkatoNPGal L−1 was produced in a bioreactor (4 L). The advantages of

the novel expression system are that no addition of an external inducing agent was required, and additionally, no further introduction of regulatory genes was necessary. The new promoter meets the general demands of a food-grade expression system. “
“Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main etiologic agent of pneumonia

worldwide. Because the members of the viridans group streptococci share a high degree of DNA sequence homologies, phenotypic and genotypic discriminations of S. pneumoniae from the viridans group are difficult. A quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis gene (cpsA) was developed as a species-specific detection tool for S. pneumoniae. The specificity was evaluated using genomic DNAs extracted from 135 oral cocci strains. Twenty-seven S. pneumoniae strains tested positive, whereas 108 other strains including Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus oralis did not show a specific signal. The linear regression of standard curves indicated high Afatinib correlations between the log numbers of S. pneumoniae cells and the CT values (R2=0.99). The minimal limit of detection was 32 fg of purified genomic DNA, equivalent to 14 genomes of S. pneumoniae. This new real-time PCR method may be very useful as a rapid and specific tool for detecting and quantifying S. pneumoniae. Potentially pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae, an α-hemolytic streptococci, is frequently detected in the oral environment with the viridans group streptococci, which constitute a major population of oral environments (Whatmore et al., 2000). Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, otitis media, septicemia, and meningitis. Unfortunately, S.