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“A novel solution based route to synthesize thorn-ball shaped Sn2+ doped TiO2 nanostructures in a large scale without the use of any reducing agents is demonstrated. White precipitates are formed instantaneously when a solution of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with milli-molar quantities of stannous chloride dihydrate (SnCl2-2H(2)O) is mixed to a solution of titanium isopropoxide in hydrochloric acid. The morphology of the precipitates analyzed using scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope reveal a complex morphology with crystalline nanorods grown uniformly over the balls. When the precipitates were treated hydrothermally by

suspending in ethylene glycol (EG), further reduction takes place and “Thorn-ball shaped check details nanostructures” with very thin and long nanorods are formed. The thorn-ball samples (ST2-HTB) showed a large surface area of similar to 244m(2) g(-1) and the band-gap was similar Compound C to 03 eV narrower than that of pure TiO2, P25 (similar to 3.2 eV), enhancing its visible light absorption. The samples exhibited a superior efficiency in the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light

irradiation to P25, and the efficiency was comparable to P25 under UV irradiation despite of their polycrystalline nature. Under visible light irradiation the degradation of RhB using thorn-ball nanostructure photocatalysts was accompanied by a gradual

shift in the absorption peak owing to formation of several N-de-ethylated intermediates of RhB. Photodegradation reaction mechanism of RhB under visible light irradiation, was proposed to be initiated by the valence band holes or through the conduction band electrons. The novel strategy demonstrated here for preparing thorn-ball nanostructures opens a new horizon to design complex structures of TiO2 for various applications. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins, which function as transcription factors and play important regulatory roles in all eukaryotic organisms, have been identified and classified in plants based on the sequenced genomes of model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). BIIB057 price However, far less is currently known about the evolutionary relationships and expression patterns of bZIP genes in nonmodel plants. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis and identified a total of 47 bZIP transcription factors from grape (Vitis vinifera L., cv PN40024). Phylogenetic analysis of grape bZIP transcription factors along with their Arabidopsis and rice counterparts indicated that they can be classified into 13 different groups. Furthermore, evolutionary analysis of the grape bZIP transcription factors demonstrated that segmental duplications have contributed substantially to the expansion of this family in grape.