Biofouling 2007, 23:87–97.PubMedCrossRef 71. Videla HA, Herrera LK: Microbiologically AZD6738 purchase influenced corrosion: looking to the future. Int Microbiol 2005, 8:169–180.PubMed 72. Yan T, Fields MW, Wu L, Zu Y, Tiedje JM, Zhou J: Molecular diversity and characterization of nitrite reductase gene fragments (nirK and nirS) from nitrate- and uranium-contaminated groundwater. Environ Microbiol

2003, 5:13–24.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions VGA participated in bioinformatic and statistical analyses. RPR and JSD MCC950 in vivo carried out sample collection and sample processing. RPR and JSD participated in design and coordination of the study. JSD conceived of the study. All authors helped to draft and revise the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Escherichia coli clone O45:K1:H7, belonging to virulence sequence type (ST)95, is a major cause of neonatal meningitis and of urosepsis in young infants in France

[1, 2]. The recently sequenced O45:K1:H7 strain S88, isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of a neonate, harbors a plasmid of 134 kb, named pS88, involved in meningeal virulence and bacteremia [3]. Epidemiological studies have shown that major genetic determinants of this plasmid are not restricted to E. coli clone O45:K1:H7 but are widely distributed among E. coli neonatal meningitis (ECNM) clones, uropathogenic E. coli strains (UPEC), and avian pathogenic E. coli strains (APEC) [3–6]. Sequencing of pS88 selleck products revealed 157 ORFs, including genes involved in the plasmid machinery (transfer, maintenance and replication), IS-like genes, two colicins (colicin Ia and microcin V), and several virulence genes of known or putative functions, such iron-uptake system. These iron-uptake systems include aerobactin (iucABCD and iutA), salmochelin (iroBCDEN) and the SitABCD CYTH4 transport system [7–9]. The S88 plasmid also contains the serum survival gene iss[10, 11], the etsABC genes, encoding a putative type 1 secretion system [4], ompT p , encoding a putative outer-membrane protease differing from the E. coli chromosomal ompT gene [12] and hlyF, encoding a hemolysin [13]. Finally, 35 ORFs have unknown functions and may represent new virulence

genes. Few studies have analyzed the transcriptional profile of human extraintestinal E. coli (ExPEC) strains responsible for urinary tract infection [14–17]. To further unravel the role of pS88 in the virulence of clone O45:K1:H7, we analyzed the transcriptional response of plasmid pS88 to growth in urine and serum, representing two steps required for meningeal invasion [18–21]. We also analyzed the transcriptome of a pS88-like plasmid recovered from a neonate with urinary tract infection (UTI). Results and discussion Validation of transcriptional analysis The transcriptional analysis was validated first by qRT-PCR amplification of transcripts of 5 genes (2 housekeeping genes and 3 plasmidic genes) in serial dilutions of RNA extracted from S88 grown in LB broth.