GROUP VI: Cu LE pre-treated at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight and piroxicam fed group (Cu LE4). Cu LE was administered at 300 mg/kg bodyweight at the onset of the experiments and immediately after one hour, the animals were orally fed piroxicam at 30 mg/kg body weight. In another separate set of experiment, animals were divided into the following four groups to ascertain the mechanism underlying Cu LE mediated protection against piroxicam induced gastric ulcer: GROUP I: Control group

(C). Rats were allowed to drink water supplied ad libitum. GROUP II: Cu LE treated group (Cu LE200). Rats were orally administered Cu LE at 200 mg/kg body weight. GROUP III: Piroxicam treated group (Px). Rats were orally administered piroxicam at dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. The treatment was carried out immediately after 40 hours fasting. GROUP IV: Cu Galunisertib solubility dmso LE pre-treated at 200 mg/kg body piroxicam fed group (Cu LE200 + Px). Cu LE was administered at 200 mg/kg

bodyweight at the onset of the experiments and immediately after one hour, the animals were orally fed piroxicam at 30 mg/kg body weight. Each group of animals comprised of 6 rats. At the end of treatment, all BMS-754807 mouse the animals were allowed to drink water and kept undisturbed for four hours. The animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation following light ether anesthesia. The abdomen of each rat was surgically opened to collect the stomach for macroscopic observations, histological studies and biochemical estimations. The stomach tissue was kept in sterile plastic vial at -20 °C until further biochemical analysis. For histological studies, an appropriate portion of the fundic part of the stomach was placed immediately in formalin fixative. Prior to sacrifice blood was collected through cardiac puncture for determination of PG E2 in serum. Each set of experiment was repeated at least three times. A separate set of experiment was carried out to determine the degree of inhibition of free hydroxyl radical generation in vivo with oral administration of Cu LE at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. Stomach was flushed with saline and lesions in glandular portion were then exposed

and examined under a PAK5 magnifying glass. The grade of lesions was scored according to the following scale: 0, no pathology; 1, small 1–2 mm ulcers; 2, medium 3–4-mm ulcers; 4, large 5–6-mm ulcers; 8, ulcers greater than 6 mm. The sum of the total ulcer scores in each group of rats was divided by the number of animals in the group to give the mean ulcer index for that group [7]. The free mucin content in the gastric tissues was estimated by measuring the amount of alcian blue bound to mucus (Tariq et al., 2005). The glandular stomach tissues were incubated with a 1% buffered sucrose solution of alcian blue in (0.1%) sodium acetate at 37 °C for 60 min. After incubation, the tissues were washed with sucrose and centrifuged. The supernatant was extracted with MgCl2, and the amount of alcian blue was estimated spectrophotometrically at 610 nm.