II. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the effect of the two major stress factors, namely, temperature and chlorine, on bacterial strains isolated from the study site.
III. Culturable aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (CAHB) populations at thermally impacted stations were less than those at control stations. However, richer were nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) population near the plant discharge, as compared with the control site.
IV. Among the three species of bacteria tested, expression of the heat shock protein HSP 70 was evident in Pseudoalteromonas ruthenica (SBT033), but not in Staphylococcus sp. (SBT 120) and Bacillus sp. (SBT 324). selleck products (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“We evaluated the effects of intra-periaqueductal
grey (PAG) N-arachiclonoyl-serotonin (AA-5-HT), a compound with a “”dual”" ability to inhibit the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and to antagonize transient receptor vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors, on endocannabinoid levels, rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) ON and OFF cell activities, thermal nociception (tail flick in anaesthetized
rats) and formalin-induced nocifensive responses in awake rats. AA-5-HT increased endocannabinoid I BET 762 levels in the PAG and induced analgesia. Paradoxically, it also depressed the RVM OFF cell, as well as the ON cell activities. The effect of AA-5-HT was mimicked by co-injecting the selective FAAH inhibitor URB597 and the selective TRPV1 antagonist 1-RTX into the PAG, which also induced analgesia and inhibition of ON and OFF cell ongoing activities. Adenosine The recruitment of “”alternative”" pathways, such as PAG-locus coeruleus (LC)-spinal cord might be responsible for AA-5-HT effect since we found evidence that (i) intra-PAG AA-5-HT increased LC neuron firing activities, and (ii) intrathecal phentolamine or ketanserin prevented the analgesic effect of AA-5-HT. Moreover, intra-PAG AA-5-HT prevented the changes in the ON and OFF cells firing activity induced by intra-paw formalin, and it inverted the formalin-induced increase in
LC adrenergic cell activity. All AA-5-HT effects were antagonized by cannabinoid CB(1) and TRPV1 receptor antagonists thus suggesting that co-localization of these receptors in the PAG can be an appropriate neural substrate for AA-5-HT-induced analgesia. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“The position and shape of thermal performance curves (TPCs, the functions relating temperature to physiological performance) for ecologically relevant functions will directly affect the fitness of ectotherms and therefore should be under strong selection. However, thermodynamic considerations predict that relationships between the different components of the TPC will confound its evolutionary optimization. For instance, the “”jack-of-all-temperatures”" hypothesis predicts a trade-off between the breadth of the TPC and the maximal performance capacity; the “”warmer is better”" hypothesis suggests that low thermal optima will come with low absolute performances.