IL-4 is an immunomodulatory cytokine secreted by this website activated Th2 lymphocytes, basophils, and mast cells 3. Its pleiotropic functions include the differentiation of Th2 cells, B-cell activation, immunoglobulin isotype switching, the inhibition of Th1 differentiation, and the development of allergic diseases. In hematopoietic cells, responses to IL-4 are mediated by the receptor complex composed of IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) α and common γ-chain (γc). Once these receptor chains are heterodimerized upon IL-4 binding, the receptor-associated Jaks (Jak 1/3) are activated, inducing phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue within

the cytoplasmic tail of IL-4Rα 3. The phosphotyrosine Cobimetinib solubility dmso (pY) motif generated on the receptor then acts as a docking site to recruit

STAT6, leading to the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6 by Jaks. Subsequently, phosphorylated STAT6 departs from the receptor, dimerizes, and translocates into the nucleus, where it turns on the expression of IL-4 target genes 3, 4. The IL-4-induced STAT6 activity is shown to be essential for the establishment of distal promoter activity for GATA3 transcription in developing Th2 cells 5. IFNs are widely expressed cytokines with multiple biological actions. They are recognized as antiviral and growth-inhibitory agents as well as modulators of the cytokine network. The IFN family includes two classes: type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) and type II IFN (IFN-γ) 6. IFN-α/β are the major cytokines for defense against viral infections and for activation

of NK cells and macrophages in the innate immune system 6, 7, whereas IFN-γ is widely recognized as a modulator of the adaptive immune response 8. The signaling by IFN-α/β and IFN-γ is mediated by distinct receptor complexes and cross-activation of the receptor-associated Jaks. While IFN-γ induces STAT1 activation, leading to the formation of STAT1 homodimer, IFN-α induces the formation of IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3; STAT1:STAT2:p48) Nabilone as well 9, 10. It has been recently shown that STAT4 or STAT6 can also be activated by IFN-α in certain cell types, such as lymphoid and endothelial cells 11, 12. IFNs and IL-4 exhibit antagonistic actions against each other in the differentiation of Th1 versus Th2 cells, IgE production, and the expression of class II MHC, IL-1R, Fc epsilon receptor II/CD23, and IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) 12–17. Among these, the counter-regulation of CD23 by IFNs and IL-4 has been widely reported. IL-4 acts as the most potent inducer of CD23, whereas IFN-α and IFN-γ effectively suppress the IL-4-induced CD23 levels 18–20. As a regulation mechanism of IL-4 signaling by IFNs, we have previously reported the downregulation of IL-4Rα at post-transcriptional levels as a common mode of action by both IFN-α and IFN-γ in human primary immune cells 21.