In 1911 he was recruited by Ray Lyman Wilbur, the first dean of the

Stanford University School of Medicine, to investigate metabolic disorders including 4-Hydroxytamoxifen molecular weight jaundice, diabetes and ultimately chronic renal disease (2). In 1917 he described the ‘urea ratio’ – the mathematical and conceptual forerunner of clearance formulae – and over the next 30 years developed a combined clinical and laboratory service for patients with inexorably failing kidneys. He devised an effective, rational and individually based dietary treatment – some patients such as Linus Pauling, who presented in 1941 with marked nephrosis, responded completely. Addis’ Calvinist upbringing gave him a strong sense of ‘mission’ which during the American Depression developed into support for poverty-stricken workers

in America, and against the fascists in Spain. He died before the full development of the ‘McCarthy Witch Hunts’ of the 1950s, although many associates, including Robert Oppenheimer, were interrogated.”
“The fundamental goal of computer-assisted surgery is to make orthopaedic surgery patient-specific, minimally invasive, and quantitative. The components of computer-assisted surgery include preoperative imaging and planning, intraoperative selleck chemicals llc execution, and postoperative evaluation. Ideally, these components are integrated such that sophisticated diagnostic technologies are used to create 获悉更多 a patient-specific surgical plan. This plan is then programmed into a computer-assisted intraoperative system so that it can be precisely executed. Finally, the patient outcome is tracked longitudinally in a quantitative fashion. Computer-assisted surgery relies on the use of quantitative data rather than surgeon feel and intuition to facilitate clinical decision-making. As surgeons rely more on quantitative feedback, they must establish appropriate specifications for various operations. These specifications should be clinically relevant and must have known targets and tolerances.

This overview provides examples of quantitative surgery as applied in navigated total knee replacement and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and in the more recent indication of robotic unicondylar knee replacement. Computer-assisted surgery represents a set of tools that facilitate quantitative surgery. To effectively use these tools, however, one must identify technical specifications that are clinically relevant for the various procedures; these specifications must be associated with known target values and tolerances and must have the capability of being reliably measured by computer-assisted surgery tools. Clinical and basic-science research is necessary to better define technical specifications for navigated procedures.