In an effort to guide clinicians, guidelines or consensus statements have been previously published by groups, including the American Society for Radiation Oncology, Groupe Europeen de Curietherapie-European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBS), and aforementioned ABS guidelines [13], [14], [15] and [16]. Clinical outcomes by technique are presented in Table 2[17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47],

[48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63] and [64]. p38 MAPK signaling pathway The top of this table focuses on the published randomized trials to date; although there is a paucity of randomized data, multiple randomized Phase III trials are currently accruing or are recently closed and an increasing number of prospective, multi-institution, and single institution retrospective series are being published at this time. Interstitial APBI represents the technique with the longest followup to date. Multiple series have reported outcomes with more than 10-year followup to date [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38] and [39]. A randomized trial from Hungary randomized

258 women with T1N0-1mi, PF-01367338 chemical structure Grades 1–2 nonlobular breast cancer with negative surgical margins to WBI or partial breast irradiation

(high-dose rate, HDR, accelerated [36.4 Gy/7 fx, 69% of patients] or electrons standard fractionation to a limited field [50 Gy/25 fx, 31% of patients]). At 5 years, no difference in LR was noted (3.4% vs. 4.7%), and rates of excellent/good cosmesis were significantly improved with HDR-based APBI compared with electrons (81% vs. 70%) (19). Ten-year results have recently been presented, and the key findings remain unchanged. Although a few smaller and older series have published poor outcomes or cosmesis, multiple more recent and larger series have demonstrated excellent outcomes including a nonrandomized matched-pair analysis which found no difference in IBTR, regional recurrence (RR), or survival between patients undergoing interstitial APBI or WBI at 12 years [22], [27], MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit [28] and [40]. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trial 9517 was a Phase I/II trial of 99 patients undergoing interstitial APBI with either HDR or low-dose-rate brachytherapy. At 5/10 years, the rates of IBTR were 4.7%/5.9%, with 3–9% rates of Grades 3 and 4 toxicity (34). Balloon-based APBI emerged with the introduction of the MammoSite applicator (Hologic, Inc, Bedford, MA). A prospective trial of 70 patients at 5 years showed no LRs developed, and more than 80% of patients had excellent/good cosmesis. These outcomes have been confirmed by the larger ASBS Cancer MammoSite Registry Trial of 1440 women.