In this study, the expression patterns of three isoforms of galactinol synthase (CaGolS1-2-3) from Coffea arabica were evaluated in response to water deficit, salinity and heat stress. All CaGolS isoforms were highly expressed in leaves while little to no expression were detected in flower buds, flowers, plagiotropic shoots, roots. endosperm and pericarp of mature fruits. Transcriptional analysis indicated

that the genes were differentially regulated under water deficit, high salt and heat stress. CaGolS1 isoform is constitutively expressed in plants under normal growth conditions and was the most responsive during all stress treatments. CaGolS2 is unique among the three isoforms in that it was detected only under severe water deficit and salt stresses. CaGolS3 was primarily expressed under moderate and severe drought. This isoform BVD-523 molecular weight was induced only at the third day of heat and under high salt stress. The increase in GolS transcription was not reflected into the amount of galactinol in coffee leaves, as specific glycosyltransferases most S63845 Apoptosis inhibitor likely used galactinol to transfer galactose units to higher homologous oligosaccharides, as suggested by the increase of raffinose and stachyose during

the stresses. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“We report the Hall constant R(H), drift mobility mu(D), and Hall mobility mu(H) measured at 4 K in thin gold films deposited on mica substrates, where the dominant electron scattering mechanism is electron-surface scattering. R(H) increases with increasing film thickness and decreases with increasing magnetic field. For high magnetic fields B >= 6 T, R(H) turns out to be approximately independent of magnetic field, and its value is close to that of the free electron model. We use the high magnetic field values of R(H) to determine film thickness. This nondestructive method leads to a determination of film thickness that agrees to within 10% with the thickness measured by other techniques. The theoretical predictions, based upon the theory of Fuchs-Sondheimer and the theory of

Calecki, are at variance with experimental observations. (C) 2010 American Institute selleck chemicals of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3525704]“
“Shiga toxins comprise a family of structurally and functionally related protein toxins expressed by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and multiple serotypes of Escherichia coli. While the capacity of Shiga toxins to inhibit protein synthesis by catalytic inactivation of eukaryotic ribosomes has been well described, it is also apparent that Shiga toxins trigger apoptosis in many cell types. This review presents evidence that Shiga toxins induce apoptosis of epithelial, endothelial, leukocytic, lymphoid and neuronal cells. Apoptotic signaling pathways activated by the toxins are reviewed with an emphasis on signaling mechanisms that are shared among different cell types.