It is known that microglia is actively involved in the processes of synaptic stripping that normally occur in response to peripheral axotomy (Blinzinger and Kreutzberg 1968). We used Iba1 as a marker for microglia and observed the expression of a major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) protein that is overexpressed in phagocytic microglia (Bo et al. 1994). In the WT mice, independently of the age, MHC-II was observed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in both sparse microglia and within the MN soma (Fig. 6A and B). In the SOD1G93A mice, already from 1 month of age, there was a loss of MHC-II neuronal

expression FK228 manufacturer concurrent with abundant MHC-II-positive microglia surrounding MNs (Fig. 6C and D). Figure 6 Early reduction of MHC-II and MHC-I expression within MNs versus increment of MHC-II-positive Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical surrounding microglia in lumbar ventral horns of transgenic SOD1G93A mice from 1 month of age. (A, B) Representative confocal projection of microphotographs … Another member of the major histocompatibility complex, MHC-I, is implicated in the cross-talk between microglia and MNs for selective synaptic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical stripping during development, plasticity, and regeneration (Huh et al. 2000). We observed that MHC-I was expressed within MN soma and processes with a dotted pattern in WT mice. In the SOD1G93A mice, MHC-I expression seemed to be weaker than in WT, and it was practically

absent at 2 months of age (Fig. 6E–G). The presence of aggregated MHC-II-positive phagocytic microglia surrounding MNs that present themselves a downregulation of both MHC-I and MHC-II suggested that altered synaptic stripping may be an early event in the pathogenesis of MN degeneration. Relation with oxidative and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ER stress In order to link the presence of two of the main processes involved in ALS-associated neurodegeneration, oxidative, and ER stress, with our observations regarding ChAT altered expression, we analyzed the concurrence of these events. It has been observed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that SOD1G93A mice start to show detachment of neuromuscular junctions as early as 47 days of age (Pun et al. 2006). Besides, this denervation triggers the overexpression of ER stress markers in the MNs (Saxena et Linifanib (ABT-869) al.

2009), being ATF3 the one appearing first in the SOD1G93A mice. ATF3 is downstream ATF4 that forms part of one the main branches of the response triggered by ER stress. On the other hand, denervation and axotomy often shut ChAT expression off in the MNs (Penas et al. 2009). Thus, we were interested in linking these early events to sequence its order of appearance and establish a putative causal link. When analyzing ATF3 expression by immunohistochemistry, we observed that it was notably increased within the nucleus of only selective spinal MNs from 2-month-old SOD1G93A mice, but it was completely absent in animals at 1 month of age (Fig. 7). Therefore, cholinergic dysfunction appears to precede ER stress in the MNs. Figure 7 Nitro-oxidation and endoplasmic reticulum stress appear later than cholinergic alterations.