Moreover, the authors concluded that dual users were more likely to reduce selleck inhibitor smoking intensity and eventually quit smoking but were less likely to stop all tobacco use altogether (Frost-Pineda, Appleton, Fisher, Fox, & Gaworski, 2010). Research on dual use of snus and cigarettes is in its infancy and an exact definition does not exist as yet. Information on prevalence and complexity of dual use will be an essential input in simulation models designed to estimate net effects on public health from the availability to snus. Direct observations of dual use from Norway and Sweden, two countries with a full-blown snus epidemic, might be a more valid input in such models than different scenarios of dual use disconnected from any empirical basis, as was the case in a model from the relatively snus-naive United States (Mejia et al.

, 2011). In this report, we examine the prevalence of dual use of snus and cigarettes among men by categorizing dual use into four categories according to the frequency of use of each product, considering the order of uptake of both products, and examining reasons for additional snus use. We compare dual users and exclusive cigarette smokers with respect to their smoking intensity, plans for quitting smoking, and future smoking identity using a representative sample of adult Norwegian males (N = 3,524) who contributed data on tobacco use from 2005�C2010. Methods Samples and Procedures We used data from six annual cross-sectional surveys of tobacco behavior, comprising a representative sample of the adult Norwegian population (16+ years).

Data were collected by telephone by Statistics Norway��a governmental body responsible for official statistics. Samples were drawn from Statistics Norway��s own population database, which is updated every month with the National Population Register. The original annual sample was N = 2,000 (both sexes), minus a small sample each year that was not eligible due to death or emigration (varied between 13 and 32 respondents). Dual use of cigarettes and snus has been monitored since 1985. The samples were adjusted for gender, age, and region��but not education level��in accordance with the population numbers for each survey year. Calculations regarding order of uptake, cigarette consumption, reasons for additional snus use, plans for quitting smoking, and future smoking identity were based on a data pool consisting of six independent annual surveys GSK-3 for the period 2005�C2010 including a total of 3,524 men. The annual response rate for these surveys was 65% (2005), 62% (2006), 62% (2007), 59% (2008), 60% (2009), and 57% (2010). Measures The wordings of the questions for the variables used in this study were identical for every survey year. Smoking status was measured in two steps.