Participants were interviewed at home using a Computer Assisted Personal Interview (response rate = 70.7%). This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. All participants provided informed consent. Measures Smoking Status Participants were classified as never, previous, or www.selleckchem.com/products/Y-27632.html current smokers based on their responses to two questions: ��Have you ever smoked cigarettes regularly, that is, at least a few cigarettes every day?�� and ��Do you smoke cigarettes regularly NOW?�� Participants who responded ��no�� to the first question were categorized as never-smokers. Participants who responded ��yes�� to the first question and ��no�� to the second question were categorized as previous smokers, and participants who responded ��yes�� to both questions were categorized as current smokers (Chapman, Fiscella, Duberstein, & Kawachi, 2009).

Psychosocial Stressors We considered 11 domains of stressors that encompass demands people experience in key roles and contexts: psychological work stress, physical work stress, work�Cfamily conflict, perceived inequality, relationship stress, neighborhood stress, discrimination, financial stress, problems in immediate family during the past year, stressful life events, and childhood adversity. The majority of stressor domains were composites of multiple stress scales. These composites were created in three steps: (a) All component measures for a given domain were individually standardized into Z-score distributions, (b) the Z-scores were summed together, and (3) the resulting value was standardized into a Z-score distribution.

A cumulative stress score was created by summing together the 11 stress domain Z-scores and standardizing this value into a Z-score. Below, we describe the stress measures and provide internal consistency reliabilities, when the items were designed to reflect a single underlying construct (e.g., not a count measure). Full scales for all of the measures are available online (http://www.midus.wisc.edu/midus2/project2/). ��Psychological work stress�� consisted of measures of skill discretion (three items; range: 3�C15; �� = .76; e.g., How often does your job provide you with a variety of things that interest you?), decision authority (six items; range: 6�C30; �� = .89; e.g., How often do you have a say in decisions about your work?), demands (four items; range: 4�C20; �� = .

61; e.g., How often do you have too many demands made on you?), coworker nonsupport (two items; range: 2�C10; �� = .68; e.g., How often do you get help and support from your coworkers?), and supervisor nonsupport (two Anacetrapib items; range: 2�C10; �� = .87; e.g., How often do you get help and support from your immediate supervisor?; Karasek, 1985). ��Physical work stress�� measured the frequency of physical strain (such as lifting, standing, and crouching) at work (nine items; range: 9�C45; �� = .