Recent studies Salubrinal solubility dmso increasingly show that chemokines and their receptors are an important factor in this process of organ selective metastasis [3]. Chemokines

are small signaling cytokines that act as chemoattractants through interaction with G-protein-coupled, seven transmembrane domain receptors [4, 5]. They are the major regulators of cell trafficking and adhesion. Specific chemokines are produced and released by target organs that attract tumor cells with specific corresponding receptors, resulting in site/organ specific Veliparib clinical trial cancer cell migration and formation of metastasis. This migration signaling mechanism is supported by studies in cancer models, demonstrating that malignant cells can target specific organs or tissues by selected chemokine receptor-ligand interaction Selleckchem Ro 61-8048 [6–10]. Accordingly, neutralization of CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction leads to a marked inhibition of metastasis in tumor animal models [6, 11, 12]. Muller et al. were the first to implicate a key role for CXCR4-CXCL12 in the organ specific metastasis of breast cancer [6]. Thereafter, numerous authors have reported on the involvement of CXCR4-CXCL12 in promoting the metastatic homing of different

types of tumor cells, including colorectal cancer [10, 13–16]. CXCR4 is expressed in intestinal cells and over-expressed in colorectal

tumor cells [16–18]. It is activated upon binding with its ligand CXCL12 also known as stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1), triggering cell adhesion, Bay 11-7085 directional migration and proliferation of tumor cells [6]. CXCL12 is normally produced by stromal cells of lymph nodes, lung, liver and bone marrow. These are the most frequent sites for colorectal cancer metastases [19]. At the moment only the TNM classification is used to stage patients with colorectal cancer. New prognostic biomarkers are required to improve staging of colorectal cancer patients and thereby resulting in better selection of patients that might benefit from (adjuvant) therapy. Many studies have demonstrated an important association between CXCR4 expression and clinical prognosis of patients with various types of cancer [3, 13, 14, 20–23]. In our study, we retrospectively determined the level of expression and cellular distribution of CXCR4 in association with clinical, pathological and prognostic parameters in tumor tissue of a random selected cohort of colorectal cancer patients, using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical techniques. This study focuses whether CXCR4 might function as a biomarker to improve the current staging of colorectal cancer patients.