These procedures are based on established techniques and procedures for the surface and subcortical reconstruction and have been described previously (Fischl and Dale

2000; Fischl et al. 2004; Han et al. 2006). The fully automated FreeSurfer v5.0 recon-all processing stream was completed for 52 participants. After preprocessing, results underwent Vemurafenib research buy quality control to confirm absence of any errors or defects in the segmentation. Summary composites of volume and the mean of cortical thickness of each brain region including frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital were also calculated using the organization schema as described in Desikan et al. (2006). Physiological Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical examination Participants’ weights and heights were measures to calculate body mass index (BMI) using the standard formula: (mass in kg)/(height in meters)2. A transthoracic

echocardiogram was conducted with two-dimensional apical views from each participant according to Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical standards of the American Society of Echocardiography (Lang et al. 2005). Cardiac index was calculated by dividing cardiac output by BMI, which yielded a measure of cardiac output that controlled for body size. Neurocognitive assessment All participants completed a standardized neuropsychological assessment by trained research assistants under the supervision of a licensed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical clinical neuropsychologist. For the purposes of the current work, the primary cognitive measures included the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Status (RBANS; Randolph et al. 1998) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE; Folstein et al. 1975). The RBANS is a brief battery that consists of 10 subtests that divide into five index scores: (1) Immediate memory – leaning verbal information presented in list and story formats; (2) Language – confrontation naming and semantic fluency; (3) Visuospatial/Construction – Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical production of a complex figure and a modified judgment of line orientation; (4) Attention – digit span and coding; (5) Delayed Memory – recall of verbal learning tasks and complex figure after a brief delay.

Performance on this measure is reported in Standard Scores Thiamine-diphosphate kinase with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. Finally, the MMSE was used to assess global cognitive function. It is a brief screening measure that assesses aspects of attention, orientation, memory, language, and calculation (Folstein et al. 1975). The range of scores extends from 0 to 30. To more fully capture attention/executive function in the sample participants were also administered the Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A and B; Reitan 1958). The TMT A requires participants to connect a series of letters in sequential order as quickly as possible. TMT B asks participants to alternately connect a series of letters and numbers as quickly as possible. Estimated premorbid intelligence To assess premorbid intelligence, the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR) was administered to all participants.