Eligible households in all clusters, including control clusters, had access to parenting skills classes and received maize seed and fertiliser in December,

2009, and August, 2010. Households and individuals delivering buy BAY 1895344 the intervention were not masked, but data analysts were. The primary endpoints were proportion of children younger than 5 years with a birth certificate, proportion younger than 5 years with up-to-date vaccinations, and proportion aged 6-12 years attending school at least 80% of the time. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00966849.

Findings 1199 eligible households were allocated to the control group, 1525 to the UCT group, and 1319 to the CCT group. Compared with control clusters, the proportion of children aged 0-4 years with birth certificates had increased by 1.5% (95% CI -7.1 to 10.1) in the UCT group

and by 16.4% (7.8-25.0) in the CCT group by the end of the intervention period. The proportions of children aged 0-4 years with complete vaccination records was 3.1% (-3.8 to 9.9) greater in the UCT group and 1.8% (-5.0 to 8.7) greater in the CCT group than in the control group. The proportions of children aged 6-12 years who attended school at least 80% of the time was 7.2% (0.8-13.7) higher in the UCT group and PLX3397 datasheet 7.6% (1.2-14.1) in the CCT group than in the control group.

Interpretation Our results support strategies to integrate cash transfers into social welfare selleck kinase inhibitor programming in sub-Saharan Africa, but further evidence is needed for the comparative effectiveness of UCT and

CCT programmes in this region.”
“Studies of socially housed rodents have provided significant information regarding the mechanisms of stress and of stress-related disorders.

Since psychosocial stress is known to alter the functional activity of dopaminergic system, we employed amphetamine (AMP) to evaluate the involvement dopamine in mediating the behavioral consequences of psychosocial stress.

Male rats housed two per cage were designated as dominant (DOM) or subdominant (Sdom) based on initial evaluations of agonistic behaviors and body weight changes. Diad-housed rats and a group of single-housed (SiH) rats were tested in an open field after injections of saline or amphetamine (0.9 or 2.7 mg/kg IP) prior to and again while diad-housing.

Compared to future DOM rats, saline-injected future Sdom rats entered the open field center less frequently, spent less time in rearing behavior and groomed less. At the pre-diad test AMP treatment elevated locomotor activity of all rats, while stimulation of center entries was more marked in future DOM rats. At the diad test, AMP’s locomotor stimulant effect was evident in all experimental groups with DOM rats showing higher effects compared to Sdom and SiH rats.