If the exposure clustering accuracy rates decreased, the original

If the exposure clustering accuracy rates decreased, the original variables were retained. If not, the subset was removed from the model. This strategy maximized the information used to characterize exposure and minimized model complexity). Finally, we tested whether the graded exposure effect references was evident on the three fetal growth outcomes using s-FCM�Cderived exposure groups. Results Consistent with Fang et al. (2011) using the MIDS dataset, three exposure groups were identified, with an exposure accuracy rate of 94% and an inconsistency rate of 0%. Validation indices and graphs further supported three optimal number of latent classes (XBmi clearly revealed three optimal latent classes.

The other two indices also favored three classes, as their constantly increasing or decreasing properties showed only a minimal difference or trivial advantage at larger number of latent classes in comparison to three classes (see Supplementary Figure 1). Sammon mapping further supported three classes (see Supplementary Figure 2), where asterisks represent the projected centroids and dots represent subjects within the identified classes. The values on the two axes are the projected normalized scores for these subjects). Figure 1 shows the variation in self-reported smoking, urinary cotinine levels, and serum cotinine levels during pregnancy among the nonexposed (NE, N = 536), lighter-exposed (lTE, N = 229), and heavier-exposed (hTE, N = 213) groups. Similar to results with the MIDS dataset, the hTE group had the most intensive variation, followed by lTE and NE. Figure 1.

Functional curves of self-reported smoking (upper panel, x-axis: Trimester 1, 2, and 3), cotinine level in maternal urine samples (middle panel, x-axis: Trimester 1, 2, and 3) and in maternal serum (lower panel, x-axis: Trimester 1, 2, and 3) for the … Table 1 shows differences in exposure attributes between lighter- and heavier-exposed groups. For self-reported smoking (number of cigarettes per day, nicotine levels, and nicotine dependence items), the values reported for the s-FCM identified groups with MISSEB and MIDS were comparable but not Brefeldin_A for urinary cotinine levels. Table 1. Differences in Tobacco Exposure Attributes Between NE, lTE, and hTE neonates Also consistent with results with the MIDS dataset (Fang et al., 2011), the offspring of the hTE group weighed less at birth than those in the NE group, the estimated M difference was ?205.39 g (SE = 48.01, p < .001), and the lTE and NE groups were comparable in offspring birth weight (M difference = ?3.64 g, SE = 44.84, p = .94).

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