Results: Infant CAEP component latencies were prolonged by 100-150 ms in comparison to adults. buy Blebbistatin CAEP latency-intensity input output functions were steeper in infants compared to adults. CAEP amplitude growth functions with respect to stimulus SPL are adult-like at this age, particularly for the earliest component, P1-N1.
Infant perceptual thresholds were elevated with respect to those found in adults. Furthermore, perceptual thresholds were higher, on average, than levels at which CAEPs could be obtained. When CAEP amplitudes were plotted with respect to perceptual
threshold (dB SL), the infant CAEP amplitude growth slopes were steeper than in adults.
Conclusions: Although CAEP latencies indicate immaturity in neural transmission at the level of the cortex, amplitude growth with respect to stimulus SPL is adult-like at this age, particularly for the earliest component, P1-N1. The latency and amplitude input-output functions may provide additional information as MK5108 to how infants perceive stimulus level. The reasons for
the discrepancy between electrophysiologic and perceptual threshold may be due to immaturity in perceptual temporal resolution abilities and the broad-band listening strategy employed by infants.
The findings from the current study can be translated to the clinical setting. It is possible to use tonal or speech sound tokens to evoke CAEPs in an awake, passively alert infant, and thus determine whether these sounds activate the auditory cortex. This could be beneficial in the verification of hearing aid or cochlear implant benefit. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction: Catheter dysfunction is a concern when using
double-lumen catheters in hemodialysis (HD). Reversing the connection mode results in higher blood flows, but also enhanced recirculation. We evaluated total solute removal (TSR) of different uremic retention solutes during a complete HD session, once with reversed (RL) and once Histone Methyltransf inhibitor with correctly connected lines (CL).
Methods: Genius dialysis was performed in 22 HD patients at maximum blood flow (Q(B)), once with CL and once with RL. TSR was determined for urea, creatinine, phosphate and beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)M). Using a kinetic model, we simulated TSR and reduction ratio (RR) for urea for different percentages of access recirculation and different Q(B) during CL vs. RL.
Results: RR and TSR of the tested solutes were not different in clinical practice between CL and RL. Mathematically, urea RR did not differ with CL or RL, but TSR decreased by 4.5%-23.3% when changing from CL to RL for a recirculation of 5%-25%, respectively. For a recirculation of 5%-25%, Q(B) in RL should be increased by 6.7% and 52.0%, 8.5% and 72.0%, and 10.0% and 115.2%, respectively, for a blood flow in CL mode of 150, 200 or 250 ml/min.