The extracellular matrix degradation or remodeling activities exerted by these toxins affect cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix adhesion and survival and impair inflammatory cell migration into inflamed tissues. None of the authors has any potential financial conflict of interest related to this manuscript. This work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), and CNPq. “
“There is a group of leguminous trees native to Brazil that belong to the family Fabaceae, subfamily Mimosoideae, including Enterolobium contortisiliquum

(=Enterolobium timbouva) ( Tokarnia et al., 1991, Tokarnia et al., 1999, Grecco et al., 2002 and Mendonça et al., 2009), Enterolobium gummiferum Bleomycin cost ( Deutsch et al., 1965), Stryphnodendron click here coriaceum ( Dobereiner and Canela, 1956) and Stryphnodendron obovatum ( Brito et al., 2001a). These trees produce pods, the consumption of which have been associated with digestive

changes, photosensitization and abortion in cattle. Experimental administration of the pods causes digestive disorders ( Brito et al., 2001a, Brito et al., 2001b, Tokarnia et al., 1960, Tokarnia et al., 1991, Tokarnia et al., 1998, Tokarnia et al., 1999, Grecco et al., 2002 and Mendonça et al., 2009), but abortion ( Tokarnia et al., 1998) and Sorafenib purchase photosensitization ( Deutsch et al., 1965 and Brito et al., 2001a) are rarely observed under experimental conditions, despite the prevalence of these signs in poisoning outbreaks due to these plants. Recently, Stryphnodendron fissuratum Mart., popularly known as rosquinha (donut), was identified as being responsible for digestive disorder and photosensitization in cattle in the Central-West Region of Brazil ( Ferreira et al., 2009). The disease has been experimentally induced in cattle, in which it manifested as digestive disorders and liver lesions ( Rodrigues et al., 2005a, Rodrigues et al., 2005b and Ferreira et al., 2009). Farmers in the state of Mato Grosso

do Sul have observed abortion from poisoning by S. fissuratum (Ricardo Lemos, unpublished data), but their observations have not been confirmed in a controlled setting. The objective of this research was to examine whether S. fissuratum is responsible for abortions observed in outbreaks of poisoning by this plant. The test group consisted of eight mixed-breed, 2- to 4-year-old goats in different stages of pregnancy. They received commercial food, a mineral supplement, tifton (Cynodon dactylon) hay, and water ad libitum. Pregnancy was diagnosed using trans-rectal ultrasound. Fetal age was estimated by measuring the rump length, biparietal diameter, thoracic diameter, femur length, and diameter of the placentomes ( Dawson, 1999).