If a contralateral stress fracture is found, prophylactic fixation should be considered.”
“In this study, essential oil compositions of two Hypericum L. taxa (Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. and Hypericum aviculariifolium Jaub. et Spach subsp. depilatum var. depilatum (Freyn et Bornm.) Robson) naturally grown in Turkey were determined using gas chromatography and gas

chromatography-mass spectrometry systems. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of plants. A total of 45 compounds were identified in the essential oils of H. triquetrifolium; 1-hexanal (18.8%), 3-methylnonane (12.5%) and alpha-pinene (12.3%). In this study, 41 components were identified in H. aviculariifolium

subsp. depilatum var. depilatum oil; alpha-pinene (52.1%), germacrene Selisistat nmr D (8.5%) and beta-pinene (3.6%) were the predominant constituents. The essential oil analysis showed that monoterpene concentrations were higher than that of the sesquiterpenes in both oils. The results were discussed in the meaning of the usefulness of these plants and their chemicals as natural products and potential usage in chemotaxonomy.”
“Cervical ectopic thymus occurs when thymic tissue arrests during its embryologic descent through the neck to the upper mediastinum. Most often it presents as an asymptomatic neck mass. Rarely does it present with airway compromise, particularly in neonates. A neonate presented with a retropharyngeal mass causing dynamic Screening Library research buy upper airway obstruction, mimicking a venolymphatic malformation. Ultimately this proved to be aberrant ectopic thymus with an associated parathyroid gland. While there have been isolated selleck inhibitor reports of thymus

or parathyroid in the retropharyngeal space, none of the prior reports found both within the same patient. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty remains controversial. This study compared the long-term clinical outcomes of total knee arthroplasties performed with and without the patella resurfaced and is an update of a previous report. Eighty-six patients (118 knees) underwent primary total knee replacement and were randomized into two groups: those treated with and those treated without resurfacing of the patella. Outcomes included the scores according to the Knee Society clinical rating system, the scores according to a forty-one-question patellofemoral-specific patient questionnaire, patient satisfaction, global and anterior knee pain scores, radiographic findings, and complications and revisions. Fifty-seven patients (seventy-eight knees) were followed for a minimum of ten years.

The effects of steroids should also be re-evaluated. Optimal treatment according to disease severity remains to be established.”
“Several endocrine abnormalities, including hypothyroidism and Cushing’s syndrome (CS), are considered as causative factors of obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of endocrine disorders CP-868596 and obesity-associated co-morbidities, as well as the impact of substantial weight loss.

Screening was performed

in 433 consecutive morbidly obese patients (age 41 +/- 12 years; BMI 47 +/- 6.9 kg/m(2); women 76%). A 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (1-mg DST) was conducted to exclude CS, and thyrotropin (TSH) was measured to exclude hypothyroidism. Insulin sensitivity was estimated from oral glucose

tolerance tests employing the Clamp-like index. Examinations were carried out at baseline, DAPT clinical trial as well as at 6 and 12 months postoperatively.

The prevalence of CS was below 0.6%. Before surgery, TSH was elevated compared to an age- and sex-matched normal weight control group (2.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.7 mu U/ml; p < 0.001). The NCEP criteria of metabolic syndrome (MetS) were fulfilled by 39.5% of the patients. Impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus were observed in 23.5% and 22.6%, respectively. Seventy-two percent were insulin resistant. During follow-up, weight (BMI 47 +/- 6.9 vs. 36 +/- 6.4 vs. 32 +/- 6.6 kg/m(2); p < 0.001) and TSH decreased significantly (2.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 1.8 +/- 1.0 vs. 1.8 +/- 1.0 mu U/ml; p < 0.001). Serum cortisol was higher in the MetS(+)-group compared to the MetS(-)-group (15.0 +/- 6.3 vs. 13.5 +/- 6.3 mu g/dl; p = 0.003).

CS appears to be a rare cause of morbid obesity. Normalization of

slightly elevated thyrotropin after weight loss suggests that obesity causes TSH elevation rather than the reverse.”
“BACKGROUND: Alternative dosing is often used clinically to address common barriers with statin therapy, such as intolerance and cost. Previous findings have demonstrated significant www.selleckchem.com/products/ON-01910.html and clinically similar reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to daily dosing, when comparing similar total weekly doses.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether rosuvastatin 80 mg once weekly produced comparable lipid and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) changes to atorvastatin 10 mg daily, when measured at key points after last dose.

METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel group, 8-week pilot study. Eligible subjects, 18 to 65 years of age, had documented dyslipidemia with LDL cholesterol >100 mg/dL and triglycerides <200 mg/dL. Participants were randomized to receive either rosuvastatin 80 mg once weekly (n = 10) or atorvastatin 10 mg daily (n = 10), for 8 weeks. Lipid panels and hsCRP were measured at baseline and 1-4 and 5-8 days after the last dose.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that potassium bromide is not an appropriate choice for treatment of every dog with seizures and that practitioners should tailor therapeutic regimens and clinical monitoring to each Elafibranor chemical structure dog. Abrupt dietary changes or fluid therapy may compromise seizure control or increase the likelihood of adverse events. Availability of an appropriately labeled, approved potassium bromide product could provide better assurance

for veterinarians and their clients of the quality, safety, and effectiveness of the product for veterinary use. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012;240:705-715)”
“Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer (Elvaloy 1330) was irradiated by an electron beam at different levels of radiation both in the presence and absence of a trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate sensitizer at various dosages of incorporation. ACY-738 The mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of these samples were compared. The mechanical properties were observed to reach an optimum maximum around 6 Mrad of irradiation and 1 phr of sensitizer incorporation.

Furthermore, an increase in either the radiation dose or the sensitizer level helped very little to further modify the properties. The thermal properties as determined by the thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry Studies were quite Supportive of the observation made during the study of the mechanical properties. The thermal stability of the irradiated samples underwent an increase with increasing electron-beam dosage. In a manner similar to those of the mechanical properties, the increase in thermal stability was found to reach a maximum

at a particular level of treatment and sensitizer incorporation, beyond which there was marginal or no effect at all. The a transition temperature underwent a Substantial increase with increasing crosslink density, as evidenced by the increase in gel content with increasing proportion of electron-beam radiation dose. The other glass-transition temperature, however, appeared to remain unaffected. The electrical properties, Nutlin-3 molecular weight as described by the dielectric constant, volume resistivity, and breakdown voltage, appeared to be affected very little by the electron-beam radiation. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112:28-35, 2009″
“In this paper we experimentally investigated the birefringence and absorption coefficients of alpha barium borate (alpha-BBO) crystal in the range of 0.3-10 THz by using a broadband air photonic terahertz time-domain spectrometer in both transmission and reflection modes. Several phonon modes were observed for o and e beams. The highest phonon mode at 6.8 THz has absorption coefficient of 1000 cm(-1).

Drug discovery and effects against driver mutations (activating mutations) and problems: possibility for circumventing inherent and acquired resistance with the aim of achieving radical cure. Synthetic lethality: reasonable patient selection in individualized treatment strategy. Response rate and

progression-free survival improvement with or without overall survival benefit and enhancement of toxicity in bevacizumab therapy: best endpoints for the evaluation of effect of antiangiogenic therapy. Negative data on small-molecule targeted therapy, primarily mTOR inhibitor vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: loose GO or NO-GO decision criteria for further development of new compounds in early clinical trials. Effect of immunotherapy: difficulty to verify by proof of principle study. We are faced to many questions for the development of efficient personalized therapy. Accumulation of scientific global preclinical and clinical evidences is essential to use these new therapeutic modalities for the improvement

of oncologic health care.”
“Patients with atrial fibrillation affected by an acute coronary syndrome have indications for oral anticoagulation and dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y(12) adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor EPZ-6438 price after coronary artery stenting. The concurrent use of all 3 agents, termed triple oral antithrombotic therapy, significantly EVP4593 increases the risk of bleeding. To date, there is a lack of evidence on the proper combination and duration of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents in patients with indications for both therapies. As such, care has been guided by expert opinion, and there is wide variation in clinician practice. In this review, the latest evidence on the risks and benefits of triple oral antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation after coronary artery stenting is summarized. We discuss the clinical risk scores useful in guiding the prediction of stroke, bleeding, and stent thrombosis. Additionally, we highlight where additional evidence

is needed to determine the proper balance of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents in this patient population.”
“Similarities in the phenotype observed in women with FSH receptor mutation and in FSH receptor knockout mice have clearly established a critical role of this protein in normal gonadal function. Two common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the exonic region of the FSH receptor gene have been shown to be associated with altered ovarian response in Subjects undergoing gonadotrophin treatment. Recent in-vitro studies have shown that the A allele at the -29 position in the 5′ untranslated region of the FSH receptor gene is associated with impaired transcriptional activity. Differential expression of the FSH receptor and its function may be one of the factors responsible for altered ovarian response.

This selleck disparity has lead to a deficit in understanding important gender-based differences in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment strategies.”
“Background: Respiratory change in pre-ejection period (Delta PEP) has been described as a potential parameter for monitoring cardiac preload dependency in critically ill patients. This study was designed to describe the relationship between Delta PEP and pulse pressure variation (PPV) in pigs submitted to severe hemorrhagic shock.

Methods: In 17 paralyzed, anesthetized mechanically ventilated pigs, electrocardiography, arterial

pressure, and cardiac output derived from pulmonary artery catheter were recorded. Hemorrhagic shock was induced by removal of blood volume followed by restoration. PEP was defined as the time interval between the beginning of the Q wave on the electrocardiogram and the upstroke of the invasive radial arterial pressure curve.

Results: At baseline, Delta PEP and PPVs were both <12% with PPV significantly correlated with Delta PEP (r = 0.96, Rigosertib p < 0.001).

Volume loss induced by hemorrhage significantly increased PPV and Delta PEP values (p < 0.05). During severe hemorrhage, PPV correlated well with Delta PEP (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) with PPV values significantly higher than Delta PEP (p < 0.05). However, the reproducibility of Delta PEP measurements was significantly better than PPV during this step (p < 0.05). Retransfusion significantly decreased PPV and Delta PEP (p < 0.05) with PPV significantly correlated to Delta PEP (r = 0.94, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Available correlations between PPV and

Delta PEP at each time of the study were observed, meaning that Delta PEP is a reliable parameter to estimate and track the changes in cardiac preload dependency. Moreover, during the severe hemorrhagic www.selleckchem.com/products/mk-4827-niraparib-tosylate.html shock period, Delta PEP measurements were more reproducible than PPV values.”
“To explore the prevalence and clinical features, especially the reproductive function, of 45,X mosaicism patients in northeast China.

GTG-banding was performed on a series of 2,250 patients from our genetic counseling clinic. Each of these patients underwent a physical examination and was interviewed about their medical history and reproductive problems. Literature on 45,X mosaicism was accessed using PubMed and reviewed.

The prevalence of 45,X mosaicism in northeast China is 0.36 % (8/2250), and the mosaic karyotype of our study accounted for 61.54 % (8/13) of Turner syndrome cases. This is comparable with studies from Asia, Europe, South America and other regions. The affected patients showed genital abnormalities, abnormal pregnancy or infertility.

45,X mosaicism is commonly seen in the genetic counseling clinic. Extensive cytogenetic assessment may improve the detection rate in patients with congenital dysplasia, or history of abnormal pregnancy or infertility. Karyotyping plays a key role in prognosis and assisted reproduction or early surgical treatment.

Conclusions. Staurosporine These results suggest higher frequency of asthma symptoms among adults with WRA and underscore the need for optimal asthma management in individuals with WRA.”
“Objective: We serologically monitored the evolution of patients with celiac disease under a gluten-free

diet, in correlation with the family’s level of education.

Methods: Our study was performed in a representative sample o 50 children with celiac disease, in whom we monitored the evolution of immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (TGA) during 2008-2009.

Results: In the children of parents with a primary education (38%), the evolution of IgA anti-tissue TGA was intermittent; in the children of parents with a secondary education (44%), the evolution of IgA anti-tissue TGA was decreased but with many intermittences; and in the children of parents with a higher education (18%), the evolution of IgA anti-tissue TGA was decreasing, without intermittences.

Conclusions: The role of a gluten-free diet is not completely understood in the families of children with celiac disease, particularly in those with primary education.”
“Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) comprises a group of behavioral,

language, and movement disorders. On the basis of the nature of the characteristic protein inclusions, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) can be subdivided into the common FTLD-tau and FTLD-TDPas well as the less common FTLD-FUS and FTLD-UPS. Approximately 10% of cases of FTD are inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner. Mutations in seven genes cause FTD, with those in tau (MAPT), chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72), and progranulin (GRN) being the most common. Mutations CDK inhibitor in MAPT give rise to FTLD-tau and mutations in C9ORF72 and GRN to FTLD-TDP. The other four genes are transactive response-DNA binding protein-43 (TARDBP), fused in sarcoma (FUS), valosin-containing

protein (VCP), and charged multivesicular body protein 2B (CHMP2B). Mutations in TARDBP and VCP give rise to FTLD-TDP, mutations in FUS to FTLD-FUS, and mutations JNK-IN-8 MAPK inhibitor in CHMP2B to FTLD-UPS. The discovery that mutations in MAPT cause neurodegeneration and dementia has important implications for understanding Alzheimer disease.”
“During postnatal development large amplitude spontaneous activity of the neonatal rat bladder changes to a low amplitude adult pattern of activity that leads to improved storage function. Previously, we have shown that spontaneous activity in neonatal rat bladder strips is inhibited by activation of the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling pathway. In the present experiments we determined if this inhibitory pathway is altered during postnatal development or spinal cord injury. Methods: Baseline tone and amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions were measured in bladder strips from male or female neonatal (days 10-21), juvenile (days 24-39) and adult female spinal cord intact or chronic spinal cord injured Sprague-Dawley rats.

Facilitated diffusion

can promote microtubule assembly, because, upon encountering a growing nucleus or the microtubule wall, random GTP-tubulin sliding on their surfaces will increase the probability of association to the target sites (nucleation sites or MT ends). This is an original explanation for understanding the apparent discrepancy between the high rate of microtubule elongation and the low rate of tubulin association at the microtubule ends in the viscous cytoplasm. The mechanism of facilitated diffusion requires an attraction force between two tubulins, which can result from the sharing of multivalent counterions. Natural polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are present in all living cells and are potent agents to trigger tubulin self-attraction. By using an analytical model, we analyze U0126 concentration the implication of facilitated diffusion mediated by polyamines on nucleation and elongation of microtubules.

In vitro experiments using pure tubulin indicate that the promotion of microtubule assembly by polyamines is typical of facilitated diffusion. The results presented here show that polyamines can be of particular importance for the regulation of the microtubule network in vivo and provide the basis for further investigations into the effects of facilitated diffusion on cytoskeleton dynamics.”
“Background This clinical study reports our experience with endovenous laser treatment (ELT) in which external air cooling is used without classic tumescent anesthesia. Methods Two hundred thirty-two patients underwent ELT under general sedation. In group A (n=192), ELT was Epigenetics inhibitor performed with air cooling but without the concurrent use of tumescent anesthesia. In group B (n=40),

check details patients were treated using the traditional tumescent technique. The parameters were similar for both groups: 980-nm diode laser, power of 15W, and pulse duration of 1second. The laser fiber and catheter were manually withdrawn in 3-mm increments. Ultrasound was performed to reevaluate vein closure at the end of surgery and 2 and 8weeks and 1year after. During follow-up, complications such as burns, dyschromia, pain, and dysesthesia, as well as time used for surgery were recorded. Results A 96% closure rate was obtained in groups A and B at 2 and 8 weeks. This rate remained stable 1 year after the ELT procedure. Except for a higher percentage of ecchymoses in group B (55%) than in group A (0%) (p<0.001), no significant differences were observed for complications. With external air cooling, ELT took 17.5minutes to perform for the whole leg, compared with 38.5minutes when using tumescent anesthesia (p<0.05). Conclusion ELT surgery for the great saphenous vein can be safely performed using the air cooling method and is as efficacious as ELT done with tumescent anesthesia but takes significantly less time to perform.

Ten healthy adult volunteers (mean age +/- standard deviation, 25 years +/- 4; seven men, three women) underwent navigator-gated

three-dimensional MR angiography of the RCA at 7 T and 3 T. For 7 T, a custom-built quadrature radiofrequency transmit-receive surface coil was used. At 3 T, a commercial body radiofrequency transmit coil and a cardiac coil array for signal reception were used. Segmented k-space gradient-echo imaging with spectrally selective adiabatic fat suppression was performed, and imaging parameters were similar at both field strengths. Contrast-to-noise ratio between blood and epicardial https://www.selleckchem.com/products/smoothened-agonist-sag-hcl.html fat; signal-to-noise ratio of the blood pool; RCA vessel sharpness, diameter, and length; and navigator efficiency were quantified at both field strengths and compared by using a Mann-Whitney U test.

Results: The contrast-to-noise ratio between blood and epicardial fat was significantly improved at 7 T when compared with that at 3 T (87 +/- 34 versus 52 +/- 13; P = .01). Signal-to-noise ratio of the blood pool was increased at 7 T (109 6 47 versus 67 +/- 19; P = .02). Vessel sharpness obtained at 7 T was also higher (58% +/- 9 versus BVD-523 price 50% +/- 5; P = .04). At the same time,

RCA vessel diameter and length and navigator efficiency showed no significant field strength-dependent difference.

Conclusion: In our quantitative and qualitative study comparing in vivo human imaging of the RCA at 7 T and 3 T in young healthy volunteers, Bromosporine concentration parameters related to image

quality attained at 7 T equal or surpass those from 3 T. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Relaxed epitaxial 100(pc) and 111(pc) oriented films (350 nm) of Pb(Zr(1-x)Ti(x))O(3) (0.2 <= x <= 0.4) on SrRuO(3)/SrTiO(3) substrates were grown by pulsed laser deposition and studied using high resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The dielectric behavior and ferroelectric phase transition temperatures of the films were consistent with bulk PZT. However, weak 1/2311(pc) reflections in x-ray diffraction profiles were recorded above bulk T(Tilt) (as indicated in the Jaffe, Cooke, and Jaffe phase diagram, where pc denotes pseudocubic indices). Moreover, anomalies in the dielectric and ferroelectric response were detected above TTilt which are explained by coupling of short coherence or weakly tilted regions to the ferroelectric polarization. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3580328]“
“Background: Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been implicated in oncogenesis of various tumors and primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Dicer, a ribonuclease III-like enzyme is essential for miRNA processing.

Objective: We initiated a retrospective study to characterize the alterations in the expression profile of Dicer in patients with primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL).

Additionally, we examined all reference lists of identified trials and contacted manufacturers and researchers in the field. Selection Criteria: All randomized and quasi-randomized trials comparing catheter washout policies (e.g., washout vs. no washout, learn more different washout solutions, frequency, duration, volume, concentration,

method of administration) in adults (16 years and above) in any setting (i.e., hospital, nursing/residential home, community) with an indwelling urethral or suprapubic catheter in place for more than 28 days. Data Collection and Analysis: Data were extracted by three reviewers independently and compared. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Data were processed as described in the Cochrane Handbook. If the trial data were not fully reported, clarification was sought from the authors. For categorical outcomes, the numbers reporting an outcome were related to

the numbers at risk in each group to derive a risk ratio (RR). For continuous outcomes, means, and standard deviations were used to derive weighted mean differences (WMD). No meta-analysis of study results was possible. Results: Five trials met the inclusion criteria involving 242 patients (132 completed) in two cross-over and three parallel-group randomized controlled trials. Only three of the eight comparisons pre-stated in the review protocol were addressed in these trials. Some trials addressed more than one comparison (e.g., washout vs. no washout and one type of washout solution vs. another). The analyses

reported for the two cross-over trials were inappropriate as they were based on differences Selleckchem CA4P between groups rather than differences within individuals receiving sequential interventions. Two parallel-group trials had limited value: one combined results for suprapubic and urethral catheters and one had data on only four participants. Only one trial was free of significant methodological limitations, but its sample size was small. Three trials compared no washout with CBL0137 nmr one or more washout solution (saline or acidic solutions) and authors tended to conclude no difference in clinical outcomes between washout and no washout. In the one trial which had data of sufficient quality to allow interpretation, no difference was detected between washout and no washout groups in the rate of symptomatic urinary tract infection or time to first catheter change. Three trials compared different types of solution: saline versus acidic solutions (two trials); saline versus acidic solution versus antibiotic solution (one trial). Authors tended to report no difference between different washout solutions but the data were too few to support their conclusions.

The one trial which warranted consideration concluded no difference between saline and an acidic solution in terms of symptomatic urinary tract infections or time to first cathter change.

The results indicated that the earliest iron chelation starts in liver in patients receiving deferasirox. Additionally, by the 6th month of deferasirox, the status of cardiac and renal iron in chronically transfused patients with beta-TM were preserved. This may indicate that the serum creatinine increases may not be attributed to iron decompartmantalization from other organs to kidneys.</.”
“Soft

drinks have many potential health problems. The inherent acids and sugars have both acidogenic and cariogenic potential, resulting in dental caries and potential enamel erosion. In this report we present a 25-year-old man complaining with the severe worn-out BEZ235 of the front teeth during the past 3 years. He had a history of drinking cola for more than 7 years and had a poor oral hygiene. Severe decays were present in the incisors

and the canines, while less severe lesions were noted on the premolars and the molars. The review is to show the relationship between dental erosion and caries and soft drinks. Some efforts have been taken to reduce the harmful effect of soft drinks.”
“A simple profile-fitting method is applied to determine the concentrations Geneticin cost of metastable and resonant species in a cold atmospheric pressure argon plasma jet. This method is based on the analysis of the effect of self-absorption broadening on the profiles of spectral lines emitted from plasma. The Argon lines which correspond to transitions to metastable and resonant lower states were measured with high resolution optical emission spectroscopy. Fitting the measured line contours yields line-integrated densities (N(l) x L) of metastable Ar(1s(5)) and Ar(1s(3)) of 1.2 x 10(5) m(-2) and 5.0 x 10(14) m(-2), respectively. For Selleck Blebbistatin resonant species, it is difficult to perform a good density-estimation by fitting measured line contours because of the broad intrinsic resonant line shape and the low resonant

densities in the plasma. Top-limits of 4.8 x 10(15) m(-2) and 7.2 x 10(14) m(-2) are estimated for resonant states Ar(1s(2)) and Ar(1s(4)), respectively. By comparing the fittings of metastable and resonant lines, it is found that the applicability of the profile-fitting routine is sensitive to the line-center optical thickness of emission lines (mainly determined by the lower states densities) and the sharpness of intrinsic line profiles of corresponding transitions. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3643004]“
“Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs) composed of poly(ethylene oxide), calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2], and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)/lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide [LiN(CF3SO2)2 or LiTFSI] in various proportions were prepared by a hot-press method. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetrydifferential thermal analysis, ionic conductivity testing, and transference number studies.