Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999,96(19):10875–10880 PubMedCrossRef 4

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1999,96(19):10875–10880.PubMedCrossRef 48. Jamir Y, Guo M, Oh H-S, Petnicki-Ocwieja T, Chen S, Tang X, Dickman MB, Collmer A, Alfano JR:Identification of Pseudomonas syringae type III effectors that can suppress programmed cell death in plants and yeast. Plant J.2004,37(4):554–565.PubMedCrossRef 49. Nomura K, Melotto M, He S-Y:Suppression of host defense in compatible plant- Pseudomonas syringae interactions.

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parasites. Int J Parasitol.2001,31:1166–1176.PubMedCrossRef 53. Nakajima-Shimada Akt inhibitor J, Zou C, Takagi M, Umeda M, Nara T, Aoki T:Inhibition of Fas-mediated apoptosis by Trpanosoma cruzi infection. Biochim Biophys Acta.2000,1475:175–183.PubMed 54. Bannai H, Nishikawa Y, Matsuo T, Kawase O, Watanabe J, Sugimoto C, Xuan X:Programmed Cell Death 5 from Toxoplasma gondii : a secreted molecule that exerts a pro-apoptotic effect on host cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol.2008,159:112–120.PubMedCrossRef 55. Carmen JC, Hardi L, Sinai AP:Toxoplasma gondii inhibits ultraviolet light-induced apoptosis through multiple interactions with the mitochondrion-dependent programmed cell death pathway. Cell Microbiol.2006,8(2):301–315.PubMedCrossRef 56. Nash PB, Purner MB, Leon RP, Clarke P, Duke RC, Curiel TJ:Toxmoplasma gondii -infected

cells are resistant to multiple inducers of apoptosis. J Immunol.1998,160:1824–1830.PubMed 57. Keller P, Schaumberg F, Fischer SF, Häcker G, Groß U, Lüder CGK:Direct inhibition of cytochrome c -induced caspase activation in vitro by Toxoplasma gondii reveals novel mechanisms of interference with host cell apoptosis. FEMS Microbiology Letters2006,258:312–319.PubMedCrossRef 58. Molestina RE, Payne TM, Coppens I, Urocanase Sinai AP:Activation of NF-κB by Toxoplasma gondii correlates with increased expression of antiapoptotic genes and localization of phosphorylated IκB to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Journal of Cell Science2003,116(21):4359–4371.PubMedCrossRef 59. Palmer GH, Machado JJ, Fernandez P, Heussler V, Perinat T, Dobbelaere DA:Parasite-mediated nuclear factor kappaB regulation in lymphoproliferation caused by Theileria parva infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1997,94:12527–12532.PubMedCrossRef 60. Sohn KH, Lei R, Nemri A, Jones JDG:The downy mildew effector proteins ATR1 and ATR13 promote disease susceptibility in Arabidopsis thaliana.The Plant Cell2007,19:4077–4090.PubMedCrossRef 61.

Figure 4 Correlations between resistivity and temperature, and dy

Figure 4 Correlations between resistivity and temperature, and dynamic fatigue of the conductive silver line. (a) Relationship and (b) measurement equipment of resistance versus the change of the temperature. (c) Dynamic fatigue properties of PET-based conductive patterns sintered at 120°C for 30 s. From Figure  4a,b, a set of equipment including a heating device from room temperature to 120°C, steady current mechanism (10 mA), amplifier (×100), memory hicorder (HIOKI, 8870–20), etc. were assembled together, aiming at monitoring the changes of the resistivity of the conductive silver

line during the heating and cooling processes. It can be obtained that between 20°C and 100°C, the largest variable quantity of the resistivity is just about 0.28 Ω. After linear fitting, the slopes of the heating curve

and the cooling curve, which can be called temperature click here coefficient of resistance (TCR), approximately have the same slope (kh = kc = 0.0007 aR/°C−1), indicating the good thermal stability of the conductive silver line. The TCR is a little different compared with the TCR of bulk silver (0.0038 aR/°C−1). This phenomenon is mainly caused by the complex microstructure of the silver thin film which will HSP mutation bring more barriers during the electron-transfer process. Moreover, it also can be seen that though the heating curve and cooling curve have the same TCR, the cooling curve is always below the heating curve. This is mainly because the natural cooling process (about 28 min) needs more time than the heating process (15 min). From Figure  4c, a bending tester was used to study the dynamic fatigue of the PET-based conductive silver line. During the test, the conductive line makes a periodic bending movement from I to V, and every period needs 2 s. The details also can be seen from the set in Figure  3b. It is very interesting to find that the resistivity of the conductive silver lines also increases with the increase of the bending angle.

From I to III, the resistivity increases from 5.2 to 5.76 Ω. It can be explained that when bending, the silver thin film was stretched and became thin, especially on the top point of the conductive line, so the stack density and conductivity decreased. From III to V, the resistivity was back to 5.2 Ω, MAPK inhibitor and after a periodic movement like this for 1,000 times, the resistivity did not significantly increase due to the good ductility of the metal silver. Generally speaking, compared with other printing technologies, this method also shows good adhesion between the silver thin film and PET, showing good results. Preparation of an antenna pattern To test the practical applications of the prepared OSC ink here, an antenna pattern (11 mm × 12 mm) was designed and fabricated using fit-to-flow or drop method, which also can be seen from Figure  5 directly. Figure 5 Antenna pattern after sintering at 120°C for 30 s and surface profile curves of conductive pattern.

In these photovoltaic

devices, the HBH structure enables

In these photovoltaic

devices, the HBH structure enables a highly efficient exciton splitting or charge transferring through an interpenetrated nanoscale heterojunction distributed in the whole active layer. If selleck inhibitor optimization treatment to phase separation is carried out or efficient photovoltaic materials are adopted, not only the exciton splitting and charge transferring but also charge collection will benefit from the formation of interpenetrated and continuous transportation networks for holes and electrons [3–5]. Being profited from the HBH structure, the efficiency of organic hybrid solar cells has been remarkably improved [2, 6, 7]. During the research of thin film photovoltaic devices, it was found that HBH structure is not only a patent for

organic or organic/inorganic hybrid photovoltaics. Inorganic thin film solar cells based on nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) also found their next step to better performance by introducing the HBH nanostructure mentioned above [8]. Recently, it was found that the performance of PbS quantum dot solar cells was remarkably enhanced under a hybrid structure composed of PbS quantum dots and Bi2S3 nanoparticles [9]. The key factor bringing such an exciting enhancement was attributed to a prolonged charge lifetime which allowed BTK inhibitor molecular weight efficient charge separation and transport based on the formation of a nanoscale HBH. Another similar structure was fabricated by infiltrating PbS quantum dots into a porous TiO2 layer to form a depleted bulk heterojunction which was found beneficial to exciton splitting [10]. In these devices, an electron donor-acceptor (D-A) model was introduced to discuss the work mechanism

of solar cells with a HBH structure. Keeping this in mind, we think that it is reasonable to form interpenetrated and continuous ifenprodil two phases for the highly efficient exciton splitting and charge transportation. For this consideration, a novel HBH nanostructured solar cell was obtained by introducing CdTe nanotetrapod (NT)/CdSe QD hybrids as the photoactive layer and CdTe NTs as the anode buffer layer. Ligand treatment to the bulk heterojunction film composed of NT/QD hybrids ensures an efficient charge transferring and thereafter transporting in interpenetrated pathways. Remarkable photovoltaic performance is obtained with this hybrid composition. The novel HBH structure is commonly applicable and beneficial to other quantum dot-based solar cells with flexible, low-cost, and solution-processable manufacturing process. Methods Synthesis of CdTe NTs and CdSe QDs CdTe NTs and CdSe QDs were synthesized according to the procedure in the literature [11] with some modifications.

GMPs include provisions for the facilities and equipment used to

GMPs include provisions for the facilities and equipment used to manufacture drugs, the education and training of personnel, and the MG-132 order calibration and cleaning of process equipment. Validated analytical test procedures are used to ensure that drugs

conform to FDA-approved specifications for potency, purity, and other requirements such as sterility. All incoming ingredients and components must be retested upon receipt, and manufacturing processes must be validated to consistently meet quality standards. GMPs also require an independent quality control unit to oversee the manufacturing, packaging, and testing processes and to reject substandard batches. Stability studies must be performed to support expiration dating of products. 3 Pharmacy Compounding 3.1 Traditional Pharmacy Compounding The FDA defines traditional pharmacy compounding as the Histone Methyltransferase inhibitor combining, mixing, or altering of ingredients to create a customized medication for an individual patient in response to a licensed practitioner’s prescription [1]. The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) further describes compounding as the result of a practitioner’s prescription drug order based on the practitioner/patient/pharmacist relationship in the course of professional

practice [7]. Traditional pharmacy compounding plays a valuable role in providing access to medications for individuals with unique medical needs, which cannot be met with a commercially available product. For instance, a prescriber may request that a pharmacist compound Y-27632 2HCl a suspension for a pediatric or geriatric patient unable to swallow a medication in its commercially available form. In traditional pharmacy compounding, an individualized medicine is prepared at the request of a prescriber on a small scale. 3.2 Non-Traditional Pharmacy Compounding Some pharmacies have seized upon a burgeoning business opportunity to expand their activities beyond the scope of traditional pharmacy compounding [8]. Examples of improper

pharmacy compounding include introducing drug moieties that have not been approved for use in the US or have been removed by the FDA for safety reasons, large-scale production of compounded medications without prescriptions, and creating copies (or essentially copies) of FDA-approved drugs. The FDA issued letters in 2004 to compounding pharmacies obtaining domperidone from foreign sources for women to assist with lactation, noting that domperidone is not approved in the US for any indication. Citing public health risks, including cardiac arrest and sudden death, the FDA recommended that breastfeeding women avoid the use of domperidone [9]. The FDA has publically expressed concerns regarding “large-scale drug manufacturing under the guise of pharmacy compounding” [1, 2].

In these colors (yellow, orange, or red), the position of their m

In these colors (yellow, orange, or red), the position of their maximum absorption bands in region 1 (400 to 500 nm) and the absence of absorption bands LY294002 concentration in region 2 (600 to 700 nm) indicate the complete synthesis of nanoparticles with spherical shape which is corroborated by TEM (Figure 9, right). Figure 9 UV–vis absorption spectra of silver solutions and TEM micrograph of the reddish sample. UV–vis absorption spectra of silver solutions prepared with different DMAB concentrations at a constant PAA concentration

of 2.5 mM (left), and TEM micrograph of the reddish sample (0.66 mM DMAB) with aggregation of spherical nanoparticles (right). Conclusions In this study, we have successfully synthesized a multicolor silver map as a function of variable PAA and DMAB concentrations with a constant concentration of silver cations using a chemical reduction method. It has been demonstrated that a fine control of both PAA and DMAB concentrations made it possible to obtain a wide range of colors with specific shapes. Initially, only yellow, orange, or red color is obtained with lower PAA concentrations (1.0 or 2.5 mM PAA), whereas violet, blue, green, brown, or orange color is obtained

with higher PAA concentrations (from 5 to 250 mM). Samples have been characterized using TEM and UV–vis spectroscopy in order to verify the shape and evolution of their maximum absorption https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd4547.html bands in two spectral regions (region 1, 400 to 500 nm; region 2, 600 to 700 nm). Firstly, when PAA concentration varies (from 1 to 250 mM) for a constant DMAB concentration (0.33 mM) and, secondly, when DMAB concentration varies (from 0.033 to 6.66 mM) for a constant PAA concentration (10 or 25 mM), the results indicate that for higher PAA or lower DMAB molar concentrations, TCL an absorption band at longer wavelengths (region 2) appears, which implies violet, blue, or green solutions of AgNPs with hexagonal, triangle, and rod shapes. On the other hand, for lower PAA or higher DMAB concentrations, an intense absorption band at shorter wavelengths

around 410 nm (region 1) appears, which implies orange red solutions of AgNPs of spherical shape. In summary, the fine control of PAA and DMAB concentrations in the AgNPs synthesis makes possible the color selection of the AgNPs solutions, from violet to red, as well as the shape (spherical, rod, triangle, hexagonal, cube), and size (from nanometer to micrometer) of the nanoparticles. To our knowledge, this is the first time that an experimental matrix showing multicolor silver nanoparticle solutions with well-defined shape and size using both protective agent (PAA) and reducing agent (DMAB) has been reported in the bibliography. Acknowledgments The authors express their gratitude to David García-Ros (Universidad de Navarra) for his help with the TEM images. This work was supported in part by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science CICYT FEDER TEC2010-17805 research grant. References 1.

Lactate levels were checked in parallel with blood samples The t

Lactate levels were checked in parallel with blood samples. The tests were performed on the IAS 150 from the company Ergoline, which measures Watt performance. Based on performance time, the work load per kg of body weight was calculated (W/kg bw). Physical performance is usually measured by a gradual, continuous or intermittent shaped rising stress test during spirometry determined on a bicycle or treadmill [20–22]. Statistical analysis The data were derived from a placebo-controlled, randomized, two-arm study which was initiated

to investigate the effect of Ubiquinol in improving the physical fitness of trained athletes (a total of 100 young healthy athletes, ratio of control to experimental subjects = 1:1, n = 50 in experimental and n = 50 in control group, respectively). The physical performance of the athletes was measured at three different time points (T1, T2, T3) in watts per kilogram of body check details weight (W/kg bw). The primary endpoint of the study was defined as the difference of the mean fitness increase of both groups

measured from time point T1 to time point T3. After determining the individual fitness increase from time point T1 to time point T3 the significance of the difference of the group means (experimental: mean = 0.38, standard deviation = 0.22; control: mean = 0.24, standard deviation = 0.34) was calculated using a Student’s t-test for independent samples and pooled variances. see more The test statistic revealed significant differences between the control and experimental groups with a p-value of 0.018 on an error level of α = 0.05. Statistical methods The variables set included the fitness measurements at the time points T1, T2,

and T3 as well as the subject identification number. In the univariate analysis, line graphs depict the individual’s fitness level at different time points throughout the study and the fitness means of both groups including one standard deviation. Histograms are Meloxicam used for screening of outliers, checking normality, or suggesting another parametric shape for the distribution. The two-sided Student’s t-test for independent samples and pooled variances was applied for testing the statistical significance of the difference between the mean fitness increases of the two groups based on log-transformed values. The Fisher’s F-test was used to compare two variances. The goodness of fit of the sample to a normal distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Q-Q plot (not shown). Finally, a linear mixed-effects model was fitted simultaneously to all measurements of both groups. The statistical testing’s were conducted using an exploratory approach, the maximum type I error probability associated with all statistical tests in the analyses is 0.05. The biometric analyses were performed with the statistical programming environment GNU R, version 2.14.

0 × 10−4 0 23 TiO2-HZD-2 2 4 3,340 990 4,260 3,350 1 5 × 10−3 0 2

0 × 10−4 0.23 TiO2-HZD-2 2.4 3,340 990 4,260 3,350 1.5 × 10−3 0.21 TiO2-HZD-7 4.6 10,430 5,120 4,260 3,420 5.0 × 10−3 0.20 Figure 4 TEM images of powder of pristine (a) and modified membranes (b-d). Particles I and II of ceramics are visible (a). learn more HZD particles, which are shaded with CH3COOH, are seen on the surface of particles of ceramics (b-d): particles III (b), II and III (c), and I and II (d) are visible. The SAXS data (Figure 5) allow us to determine the average particle sizes. The size of the smallest particles I of the ceramic matrix can be estimated according to the Guinier formula [20]: Figure 5 Intensity as a function of scattering

vector. Inset: selleck chemical logarithm of intensity as a function of q 2. Materials: pristine (1) and modified (2) membranes. Slopes of the linear parts of the curves are given in brackets. (5) where Δρ is the difference of electron densities between the particle and its environment, and R g is the gyration radius, which has been determined from the slope of the linear part of lnI − q 2 curve at q = 1.1 to 1.6 nm−1 (inset of Figure 5). The particle radius (r p) was calculated as 1.29R g[21, 22]. It was found, that

r p  = 3 nm. The logI − logq curve (where I is the intensity, q is the scattering vector), which has been obtained for pristine ceramics, is characterized by a long straight part within the interval of scattering vector of 2.82 × 10−2 to 1.1 nm−1. This interval corresponds to particles II of the ceramic matrix. Rebamipide The slope of the curve is −4; this indicates smooth surface of these particles, which include no constituents [21, 22]. The curves demonstrate deviation from linearity under low q values; thus, the order of particle size is about 100 nm. Larger particles cannot be determined with a SAXS method. Regarding the modified membranes, a small change of the slope of the linear part (q = 2.82 × 10−2 to 1.1 nm−1) has been found. Thus, deposition of the modifier on particles II is inconsiderable. However, a change of slope

of the lnI − q 2 curve at wider angles indicates the presence of HZD particles, which are smaller, than particles I of the matrix. Porosity measurements The results obtained with a pycnometer method allow us to determine porosity of the samples. Modification of the matrix causes an increase of bulk density of the membranes; however, no change of particle density has been found. Thus, the particle densities of the ion exchanger and matrix are equal. Porosity (ϵ m for the initial matrix and for the modified membranes) has been calculated as [15]. The porosity decreases in the order: TiO2 > TiO2-HZD-7 > TiO2-HZD-2. Integral pore distributions, which have been obtained with the SCP method, are plotted in Figure 6.

Throughout this letter, by ‘areal density’ we refer to quantities

Throughout this letter, by ‘areal density’ we refer to quantities normalized using the nominal area of the inner wall (2Π r 0 d x for a differential slice) and not the cross section of the channel. Also, for simplicity, we consider all impurities equal among them (subsequent click here generalization to multiple chemical species should be easy). The average radius of the impurities is noted ρ 0. The impurity concentration in the fluid is considered to be moderate enough as to not significantly

affect its viscosity and as for the impurities in the fluid to be noninteracting with each other (specially when colliding with the channel wall). Figure 1 Representation of a nanostructured channel filter as modelled in the present letter. The nominal shape of the channel is supposed to be cylindrical with length L, and the figure shows only the differential slice with axial coordinate from x to x + dx.

The radiuses r 0 and ρ 0 correspond to the average dimensions of the bare learn more channel and impurities. The effective radiuses r e and ρ e vary as trapped impurities cover the inner wall, via their dependences on, respectively, the areal density n of trapped impurities and on the areal density z e of effective charge of the inner wall. This z e reflects that exposed charges in a nanostructured surface attract the impurities in the fluid and also constitute binding anchors for those impurities. It is expected to diminish as impurities cover the surface, for which we assume the simple z e(n) dependence given by Equation 1 of the main text. Effective-charge density of the inner wall, z e We now introduce the important concept of a phenomenological ‘effective charge’ of the inner wall of the channel. We quantify this effective charge via its areal density PJ34 HCl z e , and as already commented on in the introduction, it reflects the fact that the nanostructured walls expose charges that induce both electrostatic and van der Waals attractions over the

components of the impurities in the fluid. Indeed, z e will depend on the areal density of already trapped impurities n (which will screen out the wall) and also on the chemistry specifics of the wall and impurities. Let us focus on the mutual interplays between n and z e and in obtaining an equation for their evolution with time as flow passes through the channel. In particular, the interdependence z e (n) may be naturally expected to be continuously decreasing when n increases, to take a finite value z 0 at n = 0 (clean filter), and to saturate to zero when n reaches some critical value n sat at which all active centers of the wall become well covered by impurities. We thus postulate the simplest z e (n) dependence fulfilling such conditions: (1) where the notation ∥…∥ stands for min1,…. Obviously, other sensible choices for z e (n) are possible such as, e.g.

Our results indicate that these ecosystem drivers, which are asso

Our results indicate that these ecosystem drivers, which are associated with climate change, and their interactions may cause changes in small eukaryotic community abundance and structure involving various functional groups including the small primary producers, parasites and saprotrophs. Notably, temperature tends to have a much greater effect on the community composition of small eukaryotes compared to UVBR (at least at the level tested in our experiment). Due to their strong link with other communities within the food web, the small eukaryotes variability may have potential consequences in food webs

structure and energy flow. Currently, MG-132 in vitro our knowledge of the potential for plankton in general and small eukaryotes in particular to adapt genetically and phenotypically to multifactorial physico-chemical climate drivers is poor. To improve our understanding, additional experimental investigations

in other types of ecosystems and over longer periods of warming and UVBR exposure are required before generalization may be confidently applied. Future investigations should be based on the coupling of methods such as microscopy, flow cytometry, molecular analyses targeting several gene markers or fluorescence in situ hybridization in order to analyse the responses of the microbial community structure to multiple stressors at various taxonomic levels. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge Jean Nouguier and Yvan Vergne for their technical help during the experiment. This study was supported by the French program PNEC (10301705 to TB) and the ANR AQUAPHAGE (ANR07 BIODIV NVP-AUY922 molecular weight 015–02 to TB). This work was also supported by the ‘Groupement De Recherches (GDR) 2476 Réseaux Trophiques Pélagiques. The experimental platform for Mediterranean Ecosystem Research (MEDIMEER)

was funded by UMR 5119 ECOLAG, CNRS-INEE, Institut Methane monooxygenase Fédératif de Recherche 129 A. Sabatier, GDR 2476 Réseaux Trophiques Aquatiques, Région Languedoc Roussillon. We thank Joseph Kirkman for improving the text. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Figure S1. Maximum parsimony tree showing phylogenetic relationships of the partial 18S rRNA gene sequences. The tree was constructed with the 376 sequences generated in this study and sequences from genbank. Only one representative sequence per OTU per library is presented in this phylogenetic tree. The labels show the origin of each sequence (treatments: C, C+Nut, UV, UV+Nut, T, T+Nut, TUV, TUV+Nut, and, time: T0 and T96 h). Values in brackets correspond to the OTU numbers as presented in Figure 4 and Additional file 2: Table S1. (PDF 259 KB) Additional file 2: Table S1. Composition of the nine 18S rRNA genes clone libraries in terms of OTUs at T0 and T96h, the affiliation to phylogenetic groups is specified for each OTU. * The number associated to each OTU corresponds to numbers used in Figure 4 and in the phylogenetic tree (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Table S2.

Several proteins not previously shown to be associated with the m

Several proteins not previously shown to be associated with the mycobacterial

phagosomes were identified in the phagosomal preparations. Because we could not completely rule out the possibility of contamination of the phagosome preparations with other organelles, which indeed is a limiting factor of most subcellular fractionation BMN 673 chemical structure techniques, we confirmed the findings by identifying proteins by fluorescence microscopy and Western blot. Recent studies on Legionella and Brucella have shown that these organisms reside in compartments displaying features of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [43]. In addition, there is evidence of recruitment of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nascent phagosomes containing inert particles or Leishmania and having a major contribution to the phagosomal membrane [16]. This explains how antigens of vacuolar pathogens are presented to T lymphocytes via MHC class I machinery located on ER. Considering this information, it would be plausible to find ER particles on mycobacterial phagosomes. Some of the mitochondrial proteins, such as ATP synthase and HSP60 found in our preparations, have also been shown to be present in latex bead containing phagosomes [42]. A recent report on the elemental analysis of M. avium phagosomes in Balb/c mouse

macrophages revealed high concentrations of potassium and chlorine at 24 h time point and correlated it to the microbiocidal killing similar to that observed in neutrophils [44]. The increase in expression of CHP (potassium channel regulator) in the 2D6-infected macrophages, added to the finding buy Erismodegib that K-Cl co-transporter is also increased (proteomic results) on the 2D6 mutant phagosomes at 24 h time point, could support, at least in part, the above published report, since the 2D6 mutant is unable to survive within the macrophages [11]. Therefore, there is a possibility that K-Cl transporter and CHP could be involved in the augmentation of the potassium and chlorine concentrations in the phagosome, leading to mutant killing, but this will have to be Monoiodotyrosine tested in future work. Because of the observed difference in vacuole

membrane between the two tested bacterial strains, it was hypothesized that the difference might impact the content of the metals in the vacuole environment. Measurement of the intravacuolar concentration of single elements demonstrates that the 2D6 mutant’s vacuole is depleted of several important elements at 24 h after infection. The decrease in the intravacuolar concentrations of Ca++ and Zn++ suggests that the wild-type bacteria are capable of retaining the elements, but the PPE mutant is not, probably indicating that the mutant cannot suppress the transport mechanisms or cannot continue to induce uptake of the metals. We studied protein expression of the mycobacterial phagosome and compared it to a isogenic mutant. We identified several proteins, either previously described or not reported to be present on the phagosomes.