beta 2-M mediates this process by activating epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote lethal bone and soft tissue metastases in host mice. beta 2-M interacts with its receptor, hemochromatosis (HFE) protein,

to modulate iron responsive pathways in cancer cells. Inhibition of either beta 2-M or HFE results in reversion of EMT. These results demonstrate the role of beta 2-M in cancer metastasis and lethality. Thus, beta 2-M and its downstream signaling pathways are promising prognostic markers of cancer metastases and novel therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 71(7); 2600-10. (C)2011 BMS-754807 AACR.”
“Purpose\n\nTo investigate the impact of prior-to-transplantation azacitidine (AZA) on patient outcome after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (alloSCT) for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).\n\nPatients and Methods\n\nOf the 265 consecutive patients who underwent alloSCT for MDS between October 2005 and December 2009, 163 had received cytoreductive

treatment prior to transplantation, including induction chemotherapy (ICT) alone (ICT group; n = 98), AZA alone (AZA group; n = 48), or AZA preceded or followed by ICT (AZA-ICT group; n = 17). At diagnosis, 126 patients (77%) had an excess of marrow blasts, and 95 patients (58%) had intermediate-2 or high-risk MDS according to the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). Progression to more advanced disease before alloSCT was recorded in 67 patients. Donors were sibling (n = 75) Thiazovivin clinical trial or HLA-matched unrelated (10/10; n = 88). They received blood (n = 142) or marrow (n = 21) grafts following either myeloablative (n = 33) or reduced intensity (n = 130) conditioning.\n\nResults\n\nWith a median follow-up of 38.7 months, 3-year outcomes in the AZA, ICT, and AZA-ICT groups were 55%, 48%, and 32% (P=.07) for overall survival (OS); 42%, 44%, and 29% (P=.14) for event-free survival (EFS); 40%, 37%, and 36% (P=.86) for relapse; and 19%, 20%, and 35% (P=.24) for nonrelapse mortality (NRM), respectively. Multivariate analysis confirmed the absence of

statistical differences between the AZA and the ICT groups in terms of OS, EFS, relapse, and NRM.\n\nConclusion\n\nWith the goal of downstaging underlying disease before EGFR targets alloSCT, AZA alone led to outcomes similar to those for standard ICT. J Clin Oncol 30:4533-4540. (C) 2012 by American Society of Clinical Oncology”
“Background. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer is associated with the E-cadherin germline mutations, but genetic determinants have not been identified for familial intestinal gastric carcinoma.. e guidelines for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer are clearly established; however, there are no defined recommendations for the management of familial intestinal gastric carcinoma. Methods. In this study we describe Pope John XXIII’s pedigree that harboured gastric cancer as well as six other family members.

\n\nProspectively collected data were retrospectively analyzed for morbidity, mortality, pre- and postprocedure symptom scores (scale 0-3), body mass index (BMI), and

patient satisfaction (scale 1-10).\n\nSeventy-two patients with 1-4 (median 1) previous antireflux procedures underwent RNY reconstruction, either to gastric pouch (n = 64) or to the esophagus (n = 8). There were 37 laparoscopic, selleck products 24 open abdominal, and two combined thoracic-abdominal procedures. Nine additional patients underwent conversion from laparoscopy to open surgery. Mean follow-up of 20.7 months (+/- 12.9 months) was available in 63 (88%) patients. The overall median scores for heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, chest pain, and nausea were 0 or 1. There were 72 major and minor complications noted that affected 33 (46%) patients, with no in-hospital or 30-day mortality observed. The most common complications were anastomotic strictures, bowel obstructions, respiratory complications, and dumping. Mean postoperative BMI was 24.6 (+/- 4.4) kg/m(2) compared with preoperative BMI of 31.4 (+/- 6.1) kg/m(2). Mean reported satisfaction score was 8.2 (+/- 2.1), and 89% of the patients would recommend the procedure to a friend. Pre- and postoperative symptoms could be compared in 57 patients, and significant decrease in median symptom scores for heartburn

(2-0, P < 0.05), regurgitation (1-0, P < 0.05), and dysphagia (2-0, P < 0.05) was SIS3 confirmed. There was an increase in reported nausea (0-1, P < 0.05).\n\nShort-limb RNY reconstruction is an effective remedial procedure for a subset of patients with failed antireflux surgery, but morbidity is significant.”
“A simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was developed for distinguishing Astragali Radix from its adulterants.

Five species, including A. membranaceus var. mongolicus, A. membranaceus, selleck chemicals H. polybotrys, A. chrysopterus and A. ernestii, were analyzed by this method. At the same time, four major bioactive isoflavonoids, namely calycosin-7-O-D-glucopyranoside, ononin, calycosin and formononetin, were simultaneously determined in Astragali Radix. This method was proven to have good precision, repeatability, stability and recovery. It was successfully applied to distinguish Astragali Radix from its adulterants species and can be used for the quality control of Astragali Radix.”
“Decadal to centennial land-cover changes are important drivers of many environmental issues, including biodiversity, biogeochemical cycles and, especially, the global carbon balance. In general, changes are well documented over only a few decades. Studies of land-cover changes and its drivers over centuries are rare.

e. cell motility and gap junctional coupling, are inhibited by fenofibrate. Thus, fenofibrate affects prostate cancer cell invasion via an orchestrated action on versatile cancer cell properties determining this process. A novel mechanism of anti-invasive activity of fenofibrate, which depends on its interference with cell motility and the function of gap junctions regulated by reactive oxygen species, is suggested.”
“Introduction: Odontogenic infections are a common cause of maxillary sinusitis. This study aimed to evaluate Flavopiridol price the relationship between teeth with periapical lesions or periodontal disease and sinus mucosal thickening using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)

imaging. Methods: CBCT scans of 243 patients (485 sinuses) were evaluated retrospectively for the presence of periapical

lesions and/or periodontal disease in posterior maxillary teeth and associated sinus mucosal thickening. Thickening >2 mm was considered pathological and was categorized by degree (2-5 mm, 5-10 mm, and >10 mm) and type (flat or polypoid). Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. Results: Mucosal thickening AZD2014 >2 mm was observed in 147 (60.5%) patients and 211 (44.6%) sinuses and was mostly of a “flat” type. Bivariate analysis revealed significant associations between mucosal thickening >2 mm and sex (males), age (>60 years), and teeth with periapical lesions and periodontal disease (P <= 0.27). Multivariate regression analysis identified only sex.(males, odds ratio = 1.98, P = .004) and teeth with periapical lesions (odds ratio = 9.75, P < .001) to be associated check details with mucosa! thickening >2 mm. Conclusions: Sinus mucosal

thickening is a common radiographic finding, which is more likely to be observed in males (2x) and in relation to teeth with periapical lesions (9.75x).”
“Flavylium is the basic structure of anthocyanins, an important family of natural dyes responsible for the color in many flowers and fruits. While anthocyanins in vitro are involved in a pH dependent equilibrium between a flavylium cation (acidic species) and a hemiketal (as major basic species), some synthetic flavylium compounds present the trans-chalcone as the major basic species. In this case irradiation of the trans-chalcone leads to appearance of colored products, either a flavylium cation and/or a quinoidal base, via cis-chalcone and hemiketal. Taking profit from the complexity of the network it is possible to design photochromic systems, exhibiting a thermal back reaction, or models for optical memories, when the back reaction is prevented. The flavylium photochromism was also observed in ionic liquids, gels, micelles and reversed micelles opening up possible applications. In this work an overview of the photochromism of synthetic flavylium compounds is presented, from the first observations of the light effect to recent developments. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

\n\nA U-shaped association between serum estradiol levels and cardiovascular and overall mortality was found in postmenopausal

hemodialysis patients.”
“We report the 18-year follow-up PFTα mouse of a patient who underwent rotationplasty for severe bone loss and infection after an grade IIIC open fracture of the distal femur. The patient is now 49 years old and fully satisfied with his life. During the follow-up period, he has never had significant physical or psychological problems directly concerning the rotationplasty. The analysis of quality of life using the SF36 questionnaire revealed even higher scores than the normal healthy population in seven out of eight sub-categories. Clinical examination revealed bland soft tissues without hyperkeratosis or other signs of maladaptation. Articular and cutaneous proprioception was intact all over the left leg. The active extension/flexion of the prosthetic knee was 0A degrees-0A degrees-100A degrees and 10A degrees-0A degrees-70A degrees of the ankle joint. Manual testing of motor strength revealed grade five of five for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the ankle. Gait patterns including climbing slopes

and stairs were close to normal. Examination in sports physiology showed lower maximum power of hip and knee muscles compared to the healthy side, but better muscular endurance. These findings emphasize that rotationplasty can be a good BTSA1 manufacturer alternative to arthrodesis or amputation in trauma patients providing high satisfaction and activity levels in the long-term follow-up.”
“Good communication between primary and secondary care is vital for patient management. Sotrastaurin This article describes how an e-mail enquiry service for endocrinology and diabetes was established within one hospital and the potential benefits that it offers.”
“Surgical reconstruction for limb salvage is an acceptable

and often preferred treatment for patients who are facing potential amputation. Because of the invasive nature of these surgeries, complications such as infection are not uncommon. Osseous infection at the site of implantable hardware may result in a tremendous consequence to the patient. In an attempt to minimize infection with implantable hardware, a local delivery system involving the use of antimicrobial coating on medical devices has been developed. This system optimizes local administration of antibiotics to the sources of infection enabling continuation of limb salvage versus amputation. The authors describe the fabrication of an antibiotic impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) intramedullary rod that is used to replace an infected intramedullary nail of the tibia after reconstruction surgery. The benefits of the rod include increased surface area for local delivery of antibiotics, concurrent stabilization of the surgical site, occupancy of the dead space, and ease of removal after eradication of infection.

Growing skull fracture, also known as post-traumatic bone absorption or leptomeningeal cyst, is a rare complication of traumatic brain injuries and occurs almost exclusively in children under 3 years of age. Case report. We report the case of a 6-month-old child who presented, two months after an apparently unimportant traumatic skull injury, persistence of left temporoparietooccipital cephalohaematoma with no other signs. A transfontanellar ultrasonography scan revealed a bone defect with brain herniation, and computerised tomography and magnetic resonance imaging also confirmed the existence of a growing

SIS3 fracture. Excision of the leptomeningeal cyst, dural closure and repair of the bone defect with plates and lactate material were performed. Three months after the operation, the patient still presented collection of fluid and recurrence of the growing

fracture was confirmed. Following the second operation, a baby helmet was fitted in order to prevent renewed recurrences. One year after the traumatic injury occurred, the patient remains asymptomatic. Conclusions. Any child under 3 years of age with a post-traumatic cephalohaematoma should be checked periodically until the full resolution of the collection of fluid, especially if they present a fractured skull. The presence of a cephalohaematoma that remains more than two weeks after traumatic brain injury must make us suspect a growing Blebbistatin cell line fracture and reparation of the dura mater and a cranioplasty will be needed to treat

it. The use of resorbable material allows it to be remodelled as the patient’s skull grows, but its fragility increases the risk of recurrence. Salubrinal The use of a baby helmet after the operation could prevent complications.”
“This study examined the effect of the presence of single or multiple embryos on the transcriptome of the bovine oviduct. In experiment 1, cyclic (nonbred, n = 6) and pregnant (artificially inseminated, n = 11) heifers were slaughtered on Day 3 after estrus, and the ampulla and isthmic regions of the oviduct ipsilateral to the corpus luteum were separately flushed. Oviductal epithelial cells from the isthmus region, in which all oocytes/embryos were located, were snap-frozen for microarray analysis. In experiment 2, heifers were divided into cyclic (nonbred, n = 6) or pregnant (multiple embryo transfer, n = 10) groups. In vitro-produced presumptive zygotes were transferred endoscopically to the ipsilateral oviduct on Day 1.5 postestrus (n = 50 zygotes/heifer). Heifers were slaughtered on Day 3, and oviductal isthmus epithelial cells were recovered for RNA sequencing. Microarray analysis in experiment 1 failed to detect any difference in the transcriptome of the oviductal isthmus induced by the presence of a single embryo. In experiment 2, following multiple embryo transfer, RNA sequencing revealed 278 differentially expressed genes, of which 123 were up-regulated and 155 were down-regulated in pregnant heifers.

Protein contents in carnivorous species always stood above 85% and values of ether extract did not exceed 6-13%. Contrarily highest protein percentage in herbivorous fishes was 68% and amount of ether extract was almost double to those of carnivores. It can be deduced that there is not much difference in nutritional values of fish in different seasons of the year except C. morulius. Moreover, nutritional value of carnivorous fish species was far better than herbivores. (C) 2011 Friends Science Publishers”
“The objectives of this research were to study

the relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) and intramammary infection (IMI) across the dry period and the risk of subclinical find more mastitis at the first dairy herd improvement (DHI) test of the subsequent lactation. A secondary objective was to determine SCC test characteristics for diagnosis of IMI at both the cow and quarter levels. A total of 218 cows from a university herd were enrolled at dry-off. Duplicate quarter milk samples were collected from all

quarters at dry-off, calving and on the day of the first DHI test. Somatic cell count status selleck compound across the dry period was defined based on the comparison of quarter SCC from dry-off and the post-calving sampling periods and comparison of composite SCC from DHI samples from the last test and first test of the following lactation. Of new IMI detected from post-calving milk samples (n = 45), 46.7, 26.7 and 11% were caused by CNS, Streptococci and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Of cured IMI at post-calving(n = 91), 61.5, 23.1 and 9.9% had CNS,Streptococci and Coryneforms isolated from dry-off milk samples. The most frequent microorganisms related to cured IMI were CNS (33%). Of chronically infected quarters across the dry period (n = 10), only one had

the same species of pathogen isolated from dry-off and post-calving samples. The sensitivity of a SCC threshold of 200,000 cells/mL for detection of subclinical IMI was 0.64, 0.69 and 0.65 for milk samples obtained at dry-off, post-calving and first DHI test, respectively. The specificity was 0.66, 0.84 and 0.93 for milk samples obtained at dry-off, post-calving and first DHI test, respectively. HSP990 Quarters with SCC >= 200,000 cells/mL at both dry-off and post-calving sampling periods were 20.4 times more likely to be subclinically infected by a major pathogen (rather than being uninfected) and 5.6 times more likely to be subclinically infected by a minor pathogen (rather than being uninfected) at the first DHI test than quarters with SCC < 200,000 cells/mL at both periods. Cows with SCC greater than 200,000 cells/mL at both the last and the first DHI test between lactations produced 9.1 kg less milk on the first DHI test day than the average milk production of cows with SCC less than 200,000 cells/mL at both periods. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Total bufadienolide concentrations are highest in eggs (2.64 +/- 0.56 mu mol/mg), decreasing during tadpole life stages (0.084 +/- 0.060 mu mol/mg) before rising again after metamorphosis (2.35 +/- 0.45 mu mol/mg). These variations in total bufadienolide levels correlate with toxicity to Australian frog species. For example, consumption of cane toad eggs killed tadpoles of two Australian frog species (Limnodynastes convexiusculus and Litoria rothii), whereas no tadpoles died after

consuming late-stage Adavosertib manufacturer cane toad tadpoles or small metamorphs. The high toxicity of toad eggs reflects components in the egg itself, not the surrounding jelly coat. Our results suggest a dramatic ontogenetic shift in the danger that toads pose to native predators, reflecting rapid changes in the types and amounts of toxins during toad development.”
“The study examined tyrosol glucosyltransferase activity and the efficiency of salidroside production in natural and transformed root cultures of Rhodiola kirilowii (Regel) Regel et Maximowicz. Neither enzyme activity nor salidroside accumulation were detected in natural and transformed root cultures maintained in media without tyrosol. To induce TGase activity in biotransformation LY3039478 manufacturer reactions, tyrosol was added to natural and transformed root cultures on the day of inoculation.

The first peak of TGase activity (0.23 U/mu g) was detected on day 9 in natural root culture, accompanied by the highest salidroside content (15.79 mg/g d.w.), but TGase activity was highest (0.27 U/mu g) on day 15. In transformed root culture, day 18 showed the highest TGase activity (0.15 U/mu g), which coincided with this website the highest salidroside content (2.4 mg/g d.w.). Based on these results, tyrosol was added to the medium on the days of highest previously detected

activity of TGase: day 15 for natural root cultures and day 18 for transformed root cultures. This strategy gave significantly higher yields of salidroside than in the cultures supplemented with tyrosol on the day of inoculation. In natural root culture, salidroside production reached 21.89 mg/g d.w., while precursor feeding in transformed root cultures caused a significant increase in salidroside accumulation to 7.55 mg/g d.w. In all treatments, salidroside production was lower in transformed than in natural root cultures.”
“The retinoblastoma (Rb) protein was identified as a human tumour suppressor protein that controls various stages of cell proliferation through the interaction with members of the E2F family of transcription factors. It was originally thought to be specific to animals but plants contain homologues of Rb, called RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED (RBR).

We apply our method to a series of FRAP experiments of DNA methyltransferase 1 tagged to green fluorescent protein expressed in a somatic mouse cell line and compare the results to the application of three different fixed-effects models to the same series of FRAP experiments. With the proposed model, we get estimates of the off-rates of the interactions of the molecules under study together with credible intervals,

and additionally gain information about the variability between nuclei. The proposed model is superior to and more robust than the tested fixed-effects models. Therefore, it can be used for the joint analysis of data from FRAP experiments on various similar nuclei.”
“Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a pleiotropic disease, with a characteristic Semaxanib research buy hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation that is caused by biallelic mutations in A-T mutated (ATM), a gene encoding a protein kinase critical for the induction of cellular responses to DNA damage, particularly to DNA double strand breaks. Along known characteristic of A-T cells is their ability to synthesize DNA even in the presence of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage, a phenomenon termed radioresistant DNA synthesis. We previously

reported that ATM kinase inhibition, but not ATM protein disruption, blocks sister chromatid exchange following DNA damage. We now show that ATM kinase inhibition, but selleck not ATM protein disruption, also inhibits DNA synthesis. Investigating a potential physical interaction of ATM with the DNA replication machinery, we found that ATM co-precipitates with proliferating selleckchem cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) from cellular extracts. Using bacterially purified ATM truncation mutants and in vitro translated PCNA, we showed that the interaction is direct and mediated by the C terminus of ATM. Indeed, a 20-amino acid region close to the kinase domain is sufficient for strong binding to PCNA. This binding is

specific to ATM, because the homologous regions of other PIKK members, including the closely related kinase A-T and Rad3-related (ATR), did not bind PCNA. ATM was found to bind two regions in PCNA. To examine the functional significance of the interaction between ATM and PCNA, we tested the ability of ATM to stimulate DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase delta, which is implicated in both DNA replication and DNA repair processes. ATM was observed to stimulate DNA polymerase activity in a PCNA-dependent manner.”
“Our understanding of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis is currently limited by difficulties in obtaining live neurons from patients and the inability to model the sporadic form of the disease. It may be possible to overcome these challenges by reprogramming primary cells from patients into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

We suggest that the retention of structural complexity on ski runs (e.g. through the cessation of mowing during peak reptile activity periods) and/or revegetation with native plant communities will concurrently provide refuge from predators and buffer against extreme temperatures, making ski runs more hospitable to reptiles.

Based on our findings, we emphasize that effective management strategies targeting subalpine biodiversity conservation require an understanding of the drivers that determine species distributions in these landscapes.”
“1. Artificial night lighting threatens to disrupt strongly conserved light-dependent processes in animals and may have cascading effects on ecosystems as species interactions become altered. Insectivorous bats and their prey have been involved in a nocturnal, co-evolutionary arms race for millions of years. Lights may interfere with anti-bat defensive behaviours in moths, and disrupt a complex and globally ACY-1215 inhibitor ubiquitous interaction between bats and insects, ultimately leading to detrimental consequences for ecosystems on a global scale. 2. We combined experimental and

mathematical approaches to determine effects of light pollution on a free-living bat-insect Selleckchem 4EGI-1 community. We compared prey selection by Cape serotine bats Neoromicia capensis in naturally unlit and artificially lit conditions using a manipulative field experiment, and developed a probabilistic model based on a suite of prey-selection factors to explain differences in observed

diet. 3. Moth consumption by N. capensis was low under unlit conditions (mean percentage volume +/- SD: 5.91 +/- 6.25%), while moth consumption increased sixfold (mean percentage volume +/- SD: 35.42 +/- 17.90%) under lit conditions despite a decrease in relative moth abundance. Predictive prey-selection models that included high-efficacy estimates for eared-moth defensive behaviour found most support given Copanlisib diet data for bats in unlit conditions. Conversely, models that estimated eared-moth defensive behaviour as absent or low found more support given diet data for bats in lit conditions. Our models therefore suggest the increase in moth consumption was a result of light-induced, decreased eared-moth defensive behaviour. 4. Policy implications. In the current context of unyielding growth in global light pollution, we predict that specialist moth-eating bats and eared moths will face ever-increasing challenges to survival through increased resource competition and predation risk, respectively. Lights should be developed to be less attractive to moths, with the goal of reducing effects on moth behaviour. Unfortunately, market preference for broad-spectrum lighting and possible effects on other taxa make development of moth-friendly lighting improbable. Mitigation should therefore focus on the reduction of temporal, spatial and luminance redundancy in outdoor lighting.

vanbreuseghemii and the isolates from animals and humans, the second cluster consisting of

A. simii, the third cluster consisting of A. benhamiae and the fourth cluster consisting of M. gypseum. These results indicate that anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes evolved from the A. vanbreuseghemii (+) mating strain.”
“Objective: To describe the use of upper limb orthoses and assistive technologies (AT) in a representative community-based sample of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP) and compare children on the basis of their prescription.\n\nMethod: Survey of all children with HCP entered on a population register. Outcome measures included a clinical examination; Assessment of Motor and Process skills; Self-perception Profile for Children; PedsQL version 4; Paediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory.\n\nResults: Of 107 respondents, 56% were SB202190 cell line prescribed upper limb orthoses and 46% AT; 48% of children prescribed upper limb orthoses were using them, compared to 98% of children prescribed AT. Greater tone at the wrist was associated with orthotic prescription

(OR [95% CI] 39.6 [4.8, 323]).\n\nConclusion: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Gefitinib.html Children with HCP prescribed orthoses and AT are a more severely affected group. AT have higher utility than upper limb orthoses in children with HCP, with orthoses having a high rate of abandonment.”
“The pharmacokinetics of doxycycline was studied in plasma after a single dose (20 mg/kg) of intravenous or oral administration to tilapia (Oreochromis aureus 9 Oreochromis niloticus) reared in fresh water at 24 degrees C. Plasma samples were collected from six fish per sampling point. Doxycycline concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography find more with a 0.005 mu g/mL limit of detection, then were subjected to noncompartmental analysis. Following oral administration, the double-peak phenomenon was observed, and the first (C-max1) and

second (C-max2) peaks were 1.99 +/- 0.43 mu g/mL at 2.0 h and 2.27 +/- 0.38 mu g/mL at 24.0 h, respectively. After the intravenous injection, a C-max2 (12.12 +/- 1.97 mu g/mL) was also observed, and initial concentration of 45.76 mu g/mL, apparent elimination rate constant (lambda(z)) of 0.018 per h, apparent elimination half-life (t(1/2 lambda z)) of 39.0 h, systemic total body clearance (Cl) of 41.28 mL/h/kg, volume of distribution (Vz) of 2323.21 mL/kg, and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) of 1356.69 mL/kg were determined, respectively. While after oral administration, the lambda(z), t(1/2 lambda z), and bioavailability of doxycycline were 0.009 per h, 77.2 h, and 23.41%, respectively. It was shown that doxycycline was relatively slowly and incompletely absorbed, extensively distributed, and slowly eliminated in tilapia, in addition, doxycycline might undergo enterohepatic recycling in tilapia.