To investigate the penetration of water and seasonings, maps of spin-spin relaxation time and their profiles from the center to the surface of

a spaghetti strand were acquired by magnetic resonance imaging. The homogenization of moisture distribution in cooked spaghetti during holding was delayed temporarily by salt owing to a back current MDV3100 chemical structure caused by the gradient of salt content on the surface immediately after tossing. Monosodium glutamate rapidly penetrated into spaghetti strands and caused water T-2 decrease possibly owing to the decreased mobility of water molecules in starch gel, whereas the sweeteners hardly altered the T-2 maps. Salt and monosodium glutamate are considered to retard more effectively the deterioration

of firmness of spaghetti. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Survival and growth of Bacillus cereus group and presumptive Cronobacter in the rehydrated sunsik were investigated to control the pathogens. Five sunsik contaminated naturally by the pathogens were rehydrated with hot waters of 50, 60, 65, and 70 degrees C and kept for 24 hr at 5 and 25 degrees C. Survival and growth of B. cereus seemed to be influenced not by rehydration water temperature, but by storage temperature and time after rehydration. However, survival and growth of Cronobacter was influenced by both rehydration see more temperature and storage conditions. Especially, storage temperature and time seemed to be more important than the rehydration temperature to limit the growth of Cronobacter. Therefore, it is required to take immediately the sunsik after rehydration with at least 65 degrees C water, otherwise within 6 hr at room temperature for the risk reduction of B. cereus and Cronobacter.”
“Objective. The waist circumference (WC) cutoff levels defined for the Caucasian people may not be representative for different ethnic groups. We determined sex specific WC cutoff points to predict obesity, metabolic

syndrome, and cardiovascular risk in Turkish adults. APR-246 order Design and Methods. The demographic characteristics of 1898 adult males and 2308 nonpregnant females from 24 provinces of 7 different regions of Turkey (mean age 47 +/- 14 yrs) were evaluated. Results. The WC levels of 90 cm and 100 cm define overweight and obese males while the levels of 80 cm and 90 cm define overweight and obese females. With these cutoff values, 239 additional males (12.6%) are diagnosed as overweight and 148 additional males (7.8%) as obese. Instead, 120 females (5.1%) are free of being labeled as obese. Conclusions. This is the first nationwide study to show the action levels of WC for overweight and obese Turkish adults. The ideal cutoff levels of WC to predict metabolic syndrome are 90 cm and 80 cm for Turkish adult men and women, respectively. These values are easy to implement and suggested to be used by the physicians dealing with cardiometabolic disorders in Turkey.

The study assessed the effectiveness of operational, community-based Vistusertib larval habitat surveillance systems within the Urban Malaria Control Programme (UMCP) in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods: Cross-sectional surveys were carried out to assess the ability of community-owned resource persons (CORPs) to detect mosquito breeding sites and larvae in areas with and without larviciding. Potential environmental and programmatic determinants of habitat detection coverage

and detection sensitivity of mosquito larvae were recorded during guided walks with 64 different CORPs to assess the accuracy of data each had collected the previous day.

Results: CORPs reported the presence of 66.2% of all aquatic habitats (1,963/2,965), but only detected Anopheles larvae in 12.6% (29/230) of habitats that contained them. Detection sensitivity was particularly low for late-stage Anopheles (2.7%, 3/111), the most direct programmatic indicator of malaria vector productivity. Whether a CORP found a wet habitat or not was associated with his/her unfamiliarity with the area (Odds Ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 0.16 [0.130, 0.203], P < 0.001), the habitat type (P < 0.001) or a fence around the compound (OR [95% CI] = 0.50 [0.386, 0.646], P < 0.001). The majority of mosquito PD-L1 inhibitor larvae (Anophelines 57.8% (133/230) and Culicines 55.9% (461/825) were

not reported because their habitats were not found. The only factor affecting detection of Anopheline larvae in habitats that were reported by CORPs was larviciding, which reduced sensitivity (OR [95% CI] = 0.37 [0.142, 0.965], P = 0.042).

Conclusions: Accessibility of habitats in urban settings presents a major challenge because the majority of compounds are fenced for security reasons. Furthermore, CORPs under-reported larvae

especially where larvicides were applied. This UMCP system for larval surveillance BX-795 in cities must be urgently revised to improve access to enclosed compounds and the sensitivity with which habitats are searched for larvae.”
“Background: The clinical profile of cluster headache in Chinese patients have not been fully studied.

Methods: The classification and clinical features of 120 consecutive patients with cluster headache (105 males, 15 females; mean age, 34.9 +/- 10.5 years) visiting at International Headache Center from May 2010 to August 2012 were analyzed.

Results: Patients came from 16 different regions of China. Mean age at onset of cluster headache was 26.7 +/- 10.9 years. Only 13 patients (10.8%) had previously been diagnosed with cluster headache. Mean time to diagnosis from first symptoms was 8.2 +/- 7.1 years (range, 0-35 years). Chronic cluster headache was observed in only 9 patients (7.5%). The most commonly reported location of cluster headache was temporal region (75.0%), followed by retro-orbital region (68.3%), forehead (32.

Microscopy and biochemical experiments suggested that expression of KMS1/KMS2 truncations inhibited ER to Golgi protein transport.”
“Food waste in the global food supply chain is reviewed in relation to the prospects for feeding Acadesine a population of nine billion by 2050. Different definitions of food waste with respect to the complexities of food supply chains (FSCs) are discussed. An international literature review found a dearth of data on food waste and estimates varied widely; those for post-harvest losses of grain in developing countries might be overestimated. As much of the post-harvest loss data for developing countries was collected over 30 years ago, current global

losses cannot be quantified. A significant gap exists in the understanding of the food waste implications of the rapid development of ‘BRIC’ economies. The limited data suggest that losses are much higher at the immediate post-harvest stages in developing countries and higher for perishable foods across industrialized and developing economies Vistusertib alike. For affluent economies, post-consumer food waste accounts for the greatest overall losses. To supplement the fragmentary picture and to gain a forward view, interviews were conducted with international FSC experts. The

analyses highlighted the scale of the problem, the scope for improved system efficiencies and the challenges of affecting behavioural change to reduce post-consumer waste in affluent populations.”
“The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether antepartum use of a birth trainer may reduce levator trauma.

Two hundred nulliparous women were examined with four-dimensional translabial ultrasonography at 35-37 weeks of gestation and 3 months postpartum in a randomised controlled pilot study. Women in the intervention group were instructed to use the birth trainer from 37 weeks onwards.

One

hundred forty-six women returned for follow-up 5.6 months (range 2.3-22.1) after childbirth. Seventy-eight of them had had normal vaginal deliveries (53%), 32 vacuum/forceps (22%) and 36 a caesarean section (25%). The risk of avulsion was halved in the intervention group (6% vs 13%, P = 0.19) on modified intention to treat analysis. A treatment received analysis revealed a nonsignificant 42% and 30% reduction in levator avulsion and microtrauma, respectively MAPK Inhibitor Library ic50 (P a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand 0.22).

This pilot randomised controlled trial showed a nonsignificantly lower incidence of pelvic floor muscle injury in women who used the Epi-NoA (R) device from 37 weeks onwards.”
“P>The nuclear envelope (NE) is a highly active structure with a specific set of nuclear envelope proteins acting in diverse cellular events. SUN proteins are conserved NE proteins among eukaryotes. Although they form nucleocytoplasmic linkage complexes in metazoan cells, their functions in the plant kingdom are unknown.

(C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 1512-1520, 2011″
“The objective of this study was to develop an ion-activated in situ gelling vehicle for ophthalmic delivery of matrine. The rheological properties of polymer solutions, including Gelrite, alginate, and Gelrite/alginate solution, were evaluated. In addition, the effect of formulation characteristics on in vitro release and in vivo precorneal drug kinetic of matrine was investigated.

It was found that the optimum concentration of Gelrite solution for the in situ gel-forming delivery systems was 0.3% (w/w) and that for alginate solution NU7441 cost was 1.4% (w/w). The mixture of 0.2% Gelrite and 0.6% alginate solutions showed a significant enhancement in gel strength at physiological condition. On the basis of the in vitro results, the Gelrite formulations of matrine-containing

alginate released the drug most slowly. For each tested polymer solution, the concentration of matrine in the precorneal area was higher than that of matrine-containing simulated tear fluid (STF) almost at each time point (p < 0.05). The area under the curve of formulation 16 (0.2%Gelrite/0.6%alginate) was 4.65 SC75741 supplier times greater than that of containing matrine STF. Both the in vitro release and in vivo pharmacological studies indicated that the Gelrite/alginate solution had the better ability to retain drug than the Gelrite or alginate solutions alone. The tested formulation was found to be almost non-irritant in the ocular irritancy test. The overall results of this study revealed that the Gelrite/alginate mixture can be used as an in situ gelling vehicle to enhance ocular retention.”
“P>Gene activity is controlled at different levels of chromatin organization, which involve genomic sequences, nucleosome structure, chromatin folding and chromosome arrangement. These levels are interconnected and influence each other. At the basic level nucleosomes generally occlude the DNA sequence from interacting with DNA-binding proteins. Evidently, nucleosome positioning is a major

factor in gene control and chromatin organization. Understanding the biological rules that govern the PLX-4720 ic50 deposition and removal of the nucleosomes to and from the chromatin fiber is the key to understanding gene regulation and chromatin organization. In this review we describe and discuss the relationship between the different levels of chromatin organization in plants and animals.”
“Sodium carboxymethylcellulose/poly (vinyl alcohol) mixed matrix membranes filled with different amounts 4A zeolite (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt %) were prepared by solution casting method. Prepared membranes were crosslinked with GA and used for pervaporation dehydration of isopropyl alcohol of different feed mixtures at 35 degrees C.

Methods: Clinical studies of non-severe malaria reporting on target genetic markers MCC950 cell line (SNPs for pfmdr1, pfcrt, dhfr, dhps, gene copy number for pfmdr1) providing complete information on inclusion criteria, outcome, follow up and genotyping, were included. Three investigators independently extracted data from articles.

Results were stratified by gene, codon, drug and duration of follow-up. For each study

and aggregate data the random effect odds ratio (OR) with 95% CIs was estimated and presented as Forest plots. An OR with a lower 95th confidence interval > 1 was considered consistent with a failure being associated to a given gene mutation. Results: 92 studies were eligible among the selection from computerized search, with information on pfcrt (25/159 studies), pfmdr1 (29/236 studies), dhfr (18/373 studies), dhps (20/195 studies). Semaxanib mw The risk of therapeutic failure after chloroquine was increased by the presence of pfcrt K76T (Day 28, OR = 7.2 [95% CI: 4.5-11.5]), pfmdr1 N86Y was associated with both chloroquine (Day 28, OR = 1.8 [95% CI: 1.3-2.4]) and amodiaquine failures (OR = 5.4 [95% CI: 2.6-11.3, p < 0.001]). For sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine the dhfr single (S108N) (Day 28, OR = 3.5 [95% CI: 1.9-6.3]) and triple mutants (S108N, N51I, C59R) (Day 28, OR = 3.1 [95% CI: 2.0-4.9]) and dhfr-dhps quintuple

mutants (Day 28, OR = 5.2 [95% CI: 3.2-8.8]) also increased the risk of treatment failure. Increased pfmdr1 copy number was correlated with treatment failure following mefloquine

(OR = 8.6 [95% CI: 3.3-22.9]).

Conclusion: When applying the selection procedure for comparative analysis, few studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria compared to the large number of papers identified, but heterogeneity was limited. Genetic molecular markers were related to an increased risk of therapeutic failure. Guidelines are discussed and a checklist for further studies is proposed.”
“Tamarindus indica has been used in folk medicine as an antidiabetic, a digestive aid, and a carminative, among other uses. Currently, there is no information in the toxicology literature TPX-0005 concerning the safety of T. indica extract. We evaluated the clastogenic and/or genotoxic potential of fruit pulp extract of this plant in vivo in peripheral blood and liver cells of Wistar rats, using the comet assay, and in bone marrow cells of Swiss mice, using the micronucleus test. The extract was administered by gavage at doses of 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg body weight. Peripheral blood and liver cells from Wistar rats were collected 24 h after treatment, for the comet assay. The micronucleus test was carried out in bone marrow cells from Swiss mice collected 24 h after treatment. The extract made with T. indica was devoid of clastogenic and genotoxic activities in the cells of the rodents, when administered orally at these three acute doses.

The crosslinked fibrous membranes had improved thermally stability and retained physical integrity upon exposure (2 hr at 40 degrees C) to carbon disulfide, the solvent for Friedel-Craft reactions of the

styrene moiety. Hydrolysis (0.01N NaOH) of the auto-crosslinked fibrous membrane significantly improved its hydrophilicity by reducing the water contact angles from 90.6 degrees to 62.5 degrees in a matter of seconds. These ultra-high specific surface PSMA fibrous membranes have shown superior organic and aqueous solvent compatibility to be used as highly reactive and easily retrievable supports for solid-phase Protease Inhibitor Library cell assay synthesis. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114: 784-793, 2009″
“We present our investigation on the critical behavior of the spinel compound CdCr2S4 via the ac susceptibility and dc magnetization measurements. The analysis of ac susceptibility in terms of scaling behavior yields exponent values of delta=5.38 +/- 0.01, gamma+beta=1.77 +/- 0.03 and gamma=1.44 +/- 0.02. Both delta and gamma are slightly larger than that predicted by Heisenberg model. Detailed analyses of the inverse of the susceptibility and the electron spin resonance

experiment reveal that the existence of correlated magnetic polarons has a key impact on the ferromagnetism of the spinel CdCr2S4. see more The abnormal critical exponent value of delta of CdCr2S4 may be attributed to the formation of the correlated magnetic polarons and abnormal spin-phonon coupling.”
“Background-Ethnic differences in cardiac arrhythmia incidence have been reported, with

a particularly high incidence of sudden cardiac death and low incidence Vorinostat chemical structure of atrial fibrillation in individuals of African ancestry. We tested the hypotheses that African ancestry and common genetic variants are associated with prolonged duration of cardiac repolarization, a central pathophysiological determinant of arrhythmia, as measured by the electrocardiographic QT interval.

Methods and Results-First, individual estimates of African and European ancestry were inferred from genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data in 7 population-based cohorts of African Americans (n=12 097) and regressed on measured QT interval from ECGs. Second, imputation was performed for 2.8 million SNPs, and a genome-wide association study of QT interval was performed in 10 cohorts (n=13 105). There was no evidence of association between genetic ancestry and QT interval (P=0.94). Genome-wide significant associations (P<2.5×10(-8)) were identified with SNPs at 2 loci, upstream of the genes NOS1AP (rs12143842, P=2×10(-15)) and ATP1B1 (rs1320976, P=2×10(-10)). The most significant SNP in NOS1AP was the same as the strongest SNP previously associated with QT interval in individuals of European ancestry.

Results: All 94 tumors showed a positive reaction for pRb (weakly LCL161 cell line positive in 67.0%; strongly positive in 33.0%). p16 was expressed in only 52.1% (weakly positive in 48.9%; intermediately positive in 3.2%; no strongly positive expression). The expression of p16-positive tumors was significantly

associated with the expression of pRb (p = 0.040). Tumor size, grading, lymph node and distant metastases did not correlate with p16/pRb expression. Conclusion: pRb and p16 control the cell cycle as tumor suppressors. Therefore, in many tumors they are dysregulated. There are distinct differences in expression in various individual RCC. However, in a limited number of cases there was no significant correlation with clinical parameters. Copyright (C) 2010 S. GSK2118436 mw Karger AG, Basel”
“I n eusocial organisms, some individuals specialize in reproduction and others in altruistic helping. The evolution of eusociality is, therefore, also the evolution of remarkable inequality. For example, a colony of honeybees (Apis mellifera) may contain 50 000 females all of whom can lay eggs. But 100 per cent of the females and 99.9 per cent of the males are offspring of the queen. How did such extremes evolve? Phylogenetic analyses show that high relatedness was almost certainly necessary for the origin of eusociality. However, even the highest family levels of kinship are insufficient to cause

the extreme inequality seen in e. g. honeybees via ‘voluntary altruism’. ‘Enforced altruism’ is needed, i.e. social pressures that deter individuals from attempting to reproduce. Coercion acts at two stages in an individual’s life cycle. Queens are typically www.selleckchem.com/products/a-1210477.html larger so larvae can be coerced into developing into workers by being given less food. Workers are coerced into working by ‘policing’, in which workers or the queen eat worker-laid eggs or aggress fertile workers. In some cases, individuals rebel, such as when stingless bee larvae develop into dwarf queens. The incentive to rebel is strong as an individual is the most closely related to its

own offspring. However, because individuals gain inclusive fitness by rearing relatives, there is also a strong incentive to ‘acquiesce’ to social coercion. In a queenright honeybee colony, the policing of worker-laid eggs is very effective, which results in most workers working instead of attempting to reproduce. Thus, extreme altruism is due to both kinship and coercion. Altruism is frequently seen as a Darwinian puzzle but was not a puzzle that troubled Darwin. Darwin saw his difficulty in explaining how individuals that did not reproduce could evolve, given that natural selection was based on the accumulation of small heritable changes. The recognition that altruism is an evolutionary puzzle, and the solution was to wait another 100 years for William Hamilton.

(C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“To increase the working knowledge on how to drain a transplanted kidney via the use of a Boari

flap as a salvage procedure. A female with a transplant kidney had complete obstruction at the ureteropelvic junction and multiple strictures of the ureter causing deterioration of the graft function. Surgery was the only way to successfully drain the obstructed kidney, but conventional methods were not possible due to dense fibrosis around the kidney. A Boari flap to the lower pole calyx of the transplant kidney was therefore employed. A Boari flap vesicocalycostomy is a potential method available to the transplant surgeon to successfully restore graft function in a this website case where the transplant or native ureter is unsalvageable.”
“Magnetic particles have become a promising tool for nearly all major lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications, from sample capturing, purification, enrichment, transport to detection. For biological applications, the use of magnetic particles is especially well established for immunomagnetic separation. There is a great amount of interest in the automation of cell sorting and counting with magnetic particles in LOC platforms. So far, despite great Ulixertinib mw efforts, only few fully functional LOC devices have been described and further integration is necessary. In this review,

we will describe the physics of magnetic cell sorting and counting in LOC formats with a special focus on recent progress in the field.”
“Patients with congenital Long QT are known to have normal QT Histone Methyltransf inhibitor interval in symptom-free period and in the early years of life. Precipitating factors like surgical stress, interactions with anesthetic agents prolonging QT interval, and electrolyte imbalances can manifest with life threatening arrhythmias in congenital or acquired Long QT syndrome. We report a case of concealed LQTS manifesting under anesthesia

and its subsequent perioperative course.”
“The confined flow of red blood cells (RBCs) in microvasculature is essential for oxygen delivery to body tissues and has been extensively investigated in the literature, both in vivo and in vitro. One of the main problems still open in microcirculation is that flow resistance in microcapillaries in vivo is higher than that in vitro. This discrepancy has been attributed to the glycocalyx, a macromolecular layer lining the inner walls of vessels in vivo, but no direct experimental evidence of this hypothesis has been provided so far. Here, we investigate the flow behavior of RBCs in glass microcapillaries coated with a polymer brush (referred to as “”hairy”" microcapillaries as opposed to “”bare”" ones with no coating), an experimental model system of the glycocalyx. By high-speed microscopy imaging and image analysis, a velocity reduction of RBCs flowing in hairy microcapillaries as compared to bare ones is indeed found at the same pressure drop.

The exact mechanisms for both protective and destructive pathways are not clear and are still under investigation. Improved understanding

of morphine neuroprotection and neurotoxicity will be helpful to control morphine side effects in medical applications and to identify new targets for potential therapies and prevention strategies to opioid addiction. NEUROSCIENTIST 14(6): 561-570, 2008. DOI: 10.1177/1073858408314434″
“Voltage-gated Na(+) channels (VGSCs) exist as macromolecular complexes containing a pore-forming alpha subunit and one or more beta subunits. The VGSC alpha subunit gene family consists of 10 members, which have distinct tissue-specific and developmental expression profiles. So far, four beta subunits (beta 1-beta 4) and one splice variant of beta 1 (beta 1A, also called selleck compound beta 1B) have been identified. VGSC beta subunits are multifunctional, serving as modulators of channel activity, regulators of channel cell surface

expression, and as members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) beta subunits are substrates of beta amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme (BACE1) and Talazoparib cell line gamma-secretase, yielding intracellular domains (ICDs) that may further modulate cellular activity via transcription. Recent evidence shows that beta 1 regulates migration and pathfinding in the developing postnatal CNS in vivo. The alpha and beta subunits, together

with other components of the VGSC signaling complex, may have dynamic interactive roles depending on cell/tissue type, developmental stage, and pathophysiology. In addition to excitable cells like nerve and muscle, VGSC alpha and beta subunits are functionally expressed in cells that are traditionally considered nonexcitable, including glia, vascular endothelial https://www.selleck.cn/products/th-302.html cells, and cancer cells. In particular, the alpha subunits are up-regulated in line with metastatic potential and are proposed to enhance cellular migration and invasion. In contrast to the alpha subunits, beta 1 is more highly expressed in weakly metastatic cancer cells, and evidence suggests that its expression enhances cellular adhesion. Thus, novel roles are emerging for VGSC alpha and beta subunits in regulating migration during normal postnatal development of the CNS as well as during cancer metastasis. NEUROSCIENTIST 14(6):571-583, 2008. DOI: 10.1177/1073858408320293″
“The adult cerebral cortex possesses the remarkable ability to change its neuronal connectivity through experience, a phenomenon termed “”synaptic plasticity.”" Synaptic plasticity constitutes a cellular mechanism that is thought to underlie information storage and memory formation in the brain, and represents a use-dependent long-blasting increase or decrease in synaptic strength.

119 (P>.05) and 0.221 (P>.05). The correlation coefficients between the range, number of foci, the flow deficit

size, the total number of pixels of the foci and the severity of neglect were 0.537 (P<05), 0.493 (P<.05), 0.561 (P<.05), 0.466 (P<.05), respectively. No difference between CN and Ralimetinib datasheet IN on SPECT images reached statistical significance.

Conclusions: The severity of neglect did not correlate with rCBF and the decreased percentage of rCBF in the foci, while it was significantly correlated with the range, number of foci, the flow deficit size and the total numbers of pixels of the foci significantly. And the patients with CN and IN did not show any difference in the presence of HSN, the manifestation on the neglect test battery and SPECT images. HSN showed damage on multiple sites, with combined damages resulting in Selleckchem Blasticidin S more severe neglect. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND

The optimal time for the initiation of antiretroviral therapy for asymptomatic patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is uncertain.

METHODS

We conducted two parallel analyses involving a total of 17,517 asymptomatic patients with HIV infection in the United States and Canada who received medical care during the period from 1996 through 2005. None of the patients had undergone previous antiretroviral therapy. In each group, we stratified the patients according

to the CD4+ count (351 to 500 cells per cubic millimeter or >500 cells per cubic millimeter) at the initiation of antiretroviral therapy. In each group, we

compared the relative risk of death for patients who initiated therapy when the CD4+ count was above each of the two thresholds of interest (early-therapy group) with that of patients who deferred therapy until the CD4+ count fell below these thresholds (deferred-therapy group).

RESULTS

In the first analysis, which involved 8362 patients, 2084 (25%) initiated therapy at a CD4+ count of 351 to 500 cells per cubic millimeter, and 6278 (75%) deferred therapy. After adjustment for calendar year, cohort of patients, and demographic and clinical characteristics, among patients in the deferred-therapy group there was an increase in the risk of death of 69%, as compared with that in the early-therapy group (relative risk in the deferred-therapy group, 1.69; KU55933 price 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26 to 2.26; P<0.001). In the second analysis involving 9155 patients, 2220 (24%) initiated therapy at a CD4+ count of more than 500 cells per cubic millimeter and 6935 (76%) deferred therapy. Among patients in the deferred-therapy group, there was an increase in the risk of death of 94% (relative risk, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.37 to 2.79; P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The early initiation of antiretroviral therapy before the CD4+ count fell below two prespecified thresholds significantly improved survival, as compared with deferred therapy.