Competent cells of E. coli KNabc were transformed with the ligated reaction mixture and spread on LBK medium plates containing 0.2 M NaCl, 1.5% agar and 50 mg mL−1 of ampicillin. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 20 h and colonies picked for further studies. Subcloning of one or more ORFs including their respective promoter-like and SD sequences was carried out by PCR amplification, purification

and re-ligation into a T-A cloning vector pEASY T3 (Beijing TransGen Biotech Co., Ltd). The forward primer for psmrAB is 5′-TAATGGTGGAAGATTGTATG-3′ and the reverse primer is 5′-GTCGGTGTCGAAAGTTGTA-3′. Escherichia coli KNabc cells carrying pEASY T3-psmrAB and pEASY T3 (as a negative control) were grown in LBK medium up to the mid-exponential phase and harvested by centrifugation at 5000 g, 4 °C for 10 min. Everted membrane selleckchem vesicles were prepared from transformant cells of E. coli KNabc/pEASY T3-psmrAB and KNabc/pEASY T3 by the French Pressure cell method at 2000 psi and collected by ultracentrifugation at 100 000 g

for 1 h as described by Rosen (1986). The vesicles were resuspended in a buffer containing 10 mM Hepes-Tris (pH 7.0), 140 mM choline chloride, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol and 250 mM sucrose and stored at −70 °C before use. The Na+(Li+)/H+ and chloramphenicol/H+ antiport activity of everted membrane vesicles was estimated according to the extent of the collapse Proteasome inhibitor review of a performed proton gradient, with acridine orange as the pH indicator, as described by Rosen (1986). The assay mixture contained 10 mM Hepes-Tris (at the indicated pH from 6 to 9) or 10 mM Ches-KOH (pH 9.5), 140 mM choline chloride, 10 mM MgCl2, 2 μM acridine orange and 20–40 μg mL−1 protein of membrane vesicles. Potassium lactate (5 mM) was added to initiate respiration. Fluorescence was monitored with a Hitachi F-4500 fluorescence spectrophotometer (Hitachi Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) at excitation and emission wavelength of 495 and 530 nm, respectively. Preparation of plasmid DNA, extraction of metagenomic DNA, restriction enzyme digestion and ligation were carried out

as described by Sambrook et al. (1989). DNA sequencing was performed by Beijing Genomics Institute (Beijing, China). The analyses for ORF, hydrophobicity and topology were carried out with the dnaman 6.0 software. Protein sequence alignment Sitaxentan was performed through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the website http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blastp. Promoter prediction was performed using the website http://www.fruitfly.org/seq_tools/promoter.html. Protein content in everted membrane vesicles was determined by the method of Lowry et al. (1951) with bovine serum albumin as a standard. The 5.2-kb nucleotide sequence reported in this study has been submitted to GenBank database with Accession number JQ350846. A 5.2-kb DNA fragment was first obtained from Sau3AI-digested metagenomic DNA from the enriched halophilic bacteria in soil samples around Daban Salt Lake using E. coli KNabc.

, 2001), as well as line drawings of airplanes during fear conditioning (Hamm et al., 2003). In contrast, pulvinar damage impairs rapid processing of visual threat in humans (Ward et al., 2005). A recent Selleckchem VX-809 neurophysiological study reported that monkey pulvinar neurons differentially respond to various emotional expressions in photos of humans (Maior et al., 2010). This subcortical pathway, comprising the superior colliculus, pulvinar and amygdala, is also implicated in rapid processing of facial information, including gaze direction (Johnson, 2005). Newborn babies with an immature cortical system preferentially orient toward faces

with direct gaze and schematic face-like patterns (Johnson et al., 1991). Although this suggests pulvinar Bortezomib clinical trial involvement in processing of facial and face-like stimuli, previous neurophysiological studies used only moving dots, gratings or simple patches. Consequently, evidence that pulvinar neurons process facial stimuli has been lacking. In the present study, we investigated neuronal responses to these stimuli in the monkey pulvinar. Two adult (one female and one male) macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata), weighing 7.2–9.5 kg, were used in this experiment. Each monkey was individually housed with food available ad libitum. The monkeys were deprived of water and received juice as a reward during

training and recording sessions. Supplemental water and vegetables were given after each day’s session. To assess the monkeys’ health, their weight was routinely monitored. The monkeys were treated in strict compliance with the United States Public Health Service Policy on Human Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the University of Toyama. The study had been approved by the Committee for Animal Experiments and Ethics at the University GBA3 of Toyama. The monkey sat in a monkey chair 68 cm away from the center of a 19-inch computer display for behavioral tasks during the training and recording sessions in a

shielded room. The CRT monitor was set so that its center was on the same horizontal plane as the monkey’s eyes. The monkey chair was equipped with a responding button, which was positioned so that the monkey could easily manipulate it. An infrared charge-coupled device camera for eye-movement monitoring was firmly attached to the chair by a steel rod. During training and recording sessions, the monkey’s eye position was monitored with 33-ms time resolution by an eye-monitoring system (Matsuda, 1996). The juice reward was accessible to the monkey through a small spout controlled by an electromagnetic valve. A PsyScope system (Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) controlled the electromagnetic valve and sound signal, as well as the timing of outputs to the CRT monitor.

Statistical analysis was performed using Analyse-it (Analyse-it Software Ltd., Leeds, UK, Microsoft). Comparisons of proportions were performed using chi-squared tests for equal proportions or Fisher exact tests where numbers were small with results reported as percentages (95% confidence interval). A two-sided P-value of 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Of the 167 joints treated, rheumatoid arthropathy accounted for

28%, psoriatic arthropathy 22%, hemophilic arthropathy 23%, large joint mono-arthropathy 13% (20 knee joints and 1 ankle joint) and miscellaneous arthropathy 15% (Table 2). The miscellaneous arthropathy group comprised a heterogeneous group of undefinable inflammatory polyarthropathies (13 joints), ankylosing spondyloarthropathy this website Selleckchem ALK inhibitor (3 joints), osteoarthritis

(1 joint), osteochondromatosis (2 joints), pigmented villonodular synovitis (2 joints), cystic fibrosis-related arthropathy (2 joints), sarcoid-related arthropathy (1 joint) and unclassified arthropathy (1 joint). A complete response was seen in 49/167 (29%; 95%CI 23–37%) of all treated joints at 3 months. (Table 3). The overall satisfactory response rate (complete and moderate response) across all arthropathies was 97/167 (58%; 95%CI 50–65%). Satisfactory response rate was highest for large joint mono-arthropathy. This was significantly higher than rheumatoid, psoriatic and hemophilic arthropathies combined, 85% versus 52%, P = 0.006, respectively. Within the miscellaneous arthropathy group, the single osteoarthritic joint treated demonstrated a moderate clinical response at 3 months that was sustained for more than 36 months. Of the two joints with osteochondromatosis, one had a complete response at 3 months that was sustained for more than 36 months and one had no response and eventually required surgical synovectomy. Both joints with pigmented villonodular synovitis had no response at 3 months and eventually PJ34 HCl required arthroscopy and surgical synovectomy. Of the 83 rheumatoid and psoriatic joints treated with yttrium synovectomy, 29/83 (34.9%) were

performed between January 2000 and December 2004 and 54/83 (65.1%) from January 2005 to December 2010. Zero out of 29 (0%) and 15/54 joints (28%) pre- and post-January 2005, respectively, were treated with new generation DMARDS. No difference was demonstrated in satisfactory clinical response rate pre- and post-2005, 12/29 (41%) versus 31/54 (57%), P = 0.25, respectively. In the post-2005 group, no significant difference was demonstrated in satisfactory clinical response between joints treated with new generation DMARDS and those that had not, 9/15 (60%) versus 22/39 (56%), P = 1.00, respectively. Of the 38 hemophilic arthropathy joints treated with yttrium synovectomy, 22/38 (57.9%) were performed between January 2000 and December 2004 and 16/38 (42.1%) from January 2005 to December 2010.

Enteritidis 11 (SE11) strain. After selecting for the ApR marker of the plasmid, the presence of pFOL1111 and the expression of IS30–FljA fusion transposase were confirmed. Subsequently, the insertion donor pFOL1069 from E. coli S17-1 λpir bacteria was conjugated to SE11(pFOL1111)ApR and the transconjugant bacteria were selected for CmR of pFOL1069 and the auxotrophy of the wt S. Enteritidis strain (Fig. 2). In the control experiment, the wt IS30 transposase producer plasmid pJKI132 was used instead of pFOL1111, where only the IS30 transposase was expressed without the FljA domain. In this case, the insertion pattern of

check details wt IS30 was expected due to the lack of the FljA-specific DNA-binding ability. Performing the transposon mutagenesis on the wt SE11 strain using both the IS30–FljA fusion or the wt

IS30 transposase, the results of three independent experiments (Supporting Information, Table S1) showed that the transpositional frequency mediated by the IS30–FljA fusion transposase (1.78E-04–1.62E-04) was as high as that of the wt IS30 transposase (1.45E-04–8.35E-05). The buy GW-572016 data indicated that the fusion transposase maintained full activity compared with the wild type. The CmR transposon mutant Salmonella bacteria carrying pFOL1069 insertion in their genome were selected and tested for motility. As a result of the mutagenesis experiments, altogether 1200 randomly selected NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase ApRCmR SE11 transposon mutants were isolated and investigated: 600 were generated by the IS30–FljA fusion transposase and 600 by the wt IS30 transposase, respectively. The motility of the mutants was tested individually using the motility agar tube test. Four out of 600 mutants (0.67%) generated by the site-directed system proved to be completely nonmotile. In contrast, no nonmotile mutants were detected among the 600 mutants (<0.16%) generated by the wt IS30

transposase. At least three of the four nonmotile insertional mutants could be considered as independent mutants, originating from three independent experiments (Fig. 3b, column 3). These insertional mutants were confirmed as nonflagellated phenotypes using S. Enteritidis-specific Hg,m antiserum. At the same time, all of the four investigated mutants retained their agglutinability in group D antiserum. Thus, they were confirmed as flagella-free derivatives of SE11. In order to determine the target specificity of the IS30–FljA fusion transposase, altogether 40 different pFOL1069 insertions were cloned (see Materials and methods) and the integration sequences were identified. On analysing the target sequences (Table 1a), it was found that the IS30–FljA fusion transposase show pronounced target specificity. The consensus sequence derived from 24 insertion sites (Table 1b) showed high similarity to the previously determined CIG consensus of insertions of the wt IS30 in the genome of E. coli.

mutans can scavenge sufficient galactose from mucin to enhance survival, although not to serve as a primary carbon and energy source. The results suggest that mucin has a metabolic role in promoting survival of S. mutans. “
“Streptomyces sahachiroi ATCC 33158 produces the potent antitumor antibiotic azinomycin B, which is featured with a set of unusual functionalized moieties. However, the genetic analyses of azinomycin B biosynthetic pathway are hampered by the low efficiency of S. sahachiroi genetic manipulation. In this study, we developed two efficient DNA transfer systems for S. sahachiroi ATCC 33158 by optimizing a variety

of parameters known Obeticholic Acid datasheet to affect intergeneric conjugation and protoplast Selleckchem Ceritinib transformation. High efficiencies of 4 × 102 transformants per μg DNA and 2.47 × 10−4 conjugants per recipient were achieved when using the integrative vector pJTU2554. With the use of these improved genetic manipulation systems, aziU3 was discovered to play a key role in the biosynthesis of azinomycin B. In-frame deletion and complementation experiments demonstrated clearly that aziU3 is essential for azinomycin B biosynthesis. Changing the native promoter and insertion of an additional aziU3 gene copy resulted in two mutant

strains over-producing azinomycin B. Real-time PCR verified that overexpression of aziU3 significantly improved the azinomycin B production in these mutant strains. Streptomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria that are nonmotile, filamentous and aerobic. Interest in these bacteria is increasing due to their potential to produce various natural products such as antibiotics, antiparasitic agents, antineoplastic drugs, immunosuppressants and herbicides. These products have diverse chemical structures and bioactivities and have wide applications in medicine and agriculture (Hopwood, 1999). Among these metabolites, polyketides and nonribosomal peptides are two major classes of bioactive natural products

produced by streptomycetes (Weber et al., mafosfamide 2003). Azinomycin A and B (Fig. 1) are antitumor natural products isolated from Streptomyces sahachiroi and Streptomyces griseofuscus (Nagaoka et al., 1986; Yokoi et al., 1986) and are synthesized by a hybrid iterative type I polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) complex (Zhao et al., 2008). These compounds can selectively electrophilic attack suitably disposed purine bases to form covalent interstrand crosslinks within the major groove of DNA that results in DNA alkylation and crosslinking (Hartley et al., 2000; Coleman et al., 2002; LePla et al., 2005). As DNA-modifying agents with a potential to treat many cancers, azinomycins triggered research interest immediately after discovery. However, progress in pharmaceutical applications is hampered by their chemical instability and low availability in natural sources (Alcaro & Coleman, 2000).

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 190 schoolchildren aged 11–12 years and their mothers. Family socioeconomic characteristics and housing conditions, maternal and children’s oral cleanliness behaviours (tooth brushing and dental floss use), maternal SOC, children’s resilience, and demographic data were collected through interviews with children and their mothers. Validated versions of Antonovsky’s scale and the resilience scale were used to assess mother’s SOC and children’s resilience. Gingival status and dental plaque of children were evaluated through clinical examinations using bleeding on probing index and plaque index. Statistical

analysis included Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical multinomial ordinal logistic regression analyses. The mean frequency of gingival Lenvatinib research buy bleeding in the sample was 8.4% (SD: 8.5). Children with higher levels of resilience showed 31% lower odds of gingival bleeding (OR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.4–0.9) after adjustment for socioeconomic characteristics, children’s and mothers’ use of dental floss. Children’s resilience was a psychosocial factor associated with gingival conditions. “
“International Journal of Paediatric

Dentistry 2010; 20: 410–418 Aim.  To compare the clinical performance of two glass ionomer cements, Amalgomer CR and Fuji PLX3397 ic50 IX in small and medium cavities prepared using Atraumatic restorative treatment approach Branched chain aminotransferase in India. Study design.  One hundred school children in the age group of 4–9 years who had bilateral matched pair of carious lesions in primary posterior teeth were included. A split mouth design was used in which two materials were randomly placed in contralateral sides. The performance of the restorations was assessed after 1 year using Frenken’s criteria (1996).Survival analysis

of restoration was done using chi-square test. Results.  The survival rate of Amalgomer CR and Fuji IX class I restorations were 97.4% and 94.9%, respectively. In class II cavities 95.1% and 88.5% of Amalgomer CR and Fuji IX restorations were successful. Amalgomer CR and Fuji IX showed a success of 94.2% and 92.3% in small sized class II cavities. Amalgomer CR showed a 100% success for medium sized class I and II restorations. Whereas Fuji IX showed a 100% and 66.7% success in medium sized class I and II cavities. Conclusion.  The clinical performances of both materials were satisfactory at the end of 1 year and ART is suitable procedure to be done in a dental clinic for children. “
“Background.  Despite improvements over the past two decades, caries and its treatment remain a problem for Scottish children. Aim.  To investigate how the reported childhood dental care experiences of a group of Scottish parents impacted upon the dental treatment they accessed for their children. Study design.

We hypothesized that HIV-infected children with hyperlipidaemia have higher levels of selected biomarkers associated with vascular inflammation pathways Hydroxychloroquine compared with HIV-infected children without hyperlipidaemia and HEU children (with

and without hyperlipidaemia). Furthermore, we sought to determine whether metabolic, anthropometric and disease- or treatment-specific factors are associated with higher levels of these biomarkers. Participants were enrolled in the Adolescent Master Protocol (AMP), part of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development-supported Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS). Eligible children were between 7 and 16 years old and born to HIV-infected mothers. The AMP study has enrolled 451 children with perinatal

HIV infection and 227 HEU children. Enrolment began in March 2007 at 15 sites in the USA and Puerto Rico, and recruitment was completed in December 2009. The overall aims of the prospective PHACS study are to determine the impact of HIV infection and ARV therapy on several clinical outcomes in pre-adolescents and adolescents, including growth, nutrition and cardio-metabolic risk. The PHACS protocol requires that all HIV-infected children have fasting lipids measured annually. The protocol also FDA approved Drug Library requires that repository specimens be drawn at the entry visit for all participants. As these are paediatric patients, the amount of specimen varies across individuals. As of August 2009, there were 357 HIV-infected children enrolled in the study who had fasting lipids measured at the entry visit and 184 HEU children with an entry visit. We determined that 226 of 357

HIV-infected Avelestat (AZD9668) children and 140 of 184 HEU children had an adequate volume of repository specimen to assay for vascular biomarkers. Among the HIV-infected children, we defined hyperlipidaemia according to the modified National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria [total cholesterol > 200 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol > 130 mg/dL, triglycerides > 110 mg/dL (≤ 9 years) or > 150 mg/dL (≥ 10 years), or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol < 35 mg/dL] [23]. Among the 357 HIV-infected children (all eligible children), 41% met the dyslipidaemia definition. In our subsample of 226 (those included in this analysis), 39% met the hyperlipidaemia definition. Our subsample was similar by age, sex, race, CD4 category, and body mass index (BMI) z-score when compared with children who did not have repository samples.

Steps are being taken to advocate for appropriate health policies and surveillance data related to HIV throughout Europe. Also, the initiative has set up projects related to the barriers to testing, i.e. criminalization law, stigmatization and lack of offering of testing for people presenting with certain indicator diseases. The final results of ongoing projects will be published and widely disseminated in 2010 and beyond. The HIV in Europe Initiative will continue to reinforce collaboration, advocacy and networking activities in the field throughout Europe. In spite of the widespread availability of prevention tools such as condoms and combination antiretroviral therapy in most

countries in the C59 wnt European region, HIV infection remains a major public health and human rights challenge [1,2]. This is in spite of a strong commitment to universal access to HIV infection prevention, treatment, care and support, evidenced in the Dublin Declaration on Partnerships to Fight HIV/AIDS in the European Region in 2004 [3], the subsequent Vilnius (2004) Dasatinib ic50 and Bremen declarations (2007) and the 2006 United Nations call for universal access [4]. In 2009, the European Commission further advanced the agenda with the release of the European Union Communication on combating HIV/AIDS in the EU and neighbourhood (2010–2014), which calls for a comprehensive response to HIV across all EU member states, with a clear focus on early

diagnosis and care

[5]. There has been progress in improving access to treatment across Europe, but challenges remain – for example, only 23% of those Urease in need in the low- and middle-income countries in Europe and Central Asia are on combination antiretroviral therapy (compared with 44% in sub-Saharan Africa) [6]. Opioid substitution therapy, which facilitates adherence to HIV treatment, is not available in some European countries and there is low coverage in many others. Stigmatization, discrimination and other human rights abuses persist, with the situation varying widely both within and between countries. A lack of dialogue and understanding about the law, human rights, medical ethics and public health, compounded by a frequent lack of collaboration (illustrated by various, often poorly co-ordinated initiatives) persists. In 2007, European advocates, clinicians and policy-makers reached a consensus that earlier HIV diagnosis, treatment, care and support are essential, both for individuals and for societies [7], at the launch of the HIV in Europe Initiative [8]. In November 2008, the European Parliament adopted the ‘Joint Resolution on HIV/AIDS: early diagnosis and early care’ based on the call to action from the conference [9]. In November 2009, 100 key stakeholders from 25 countries met in Stockholm as a follow-up to the 2007 conference. The focus was to address five key issues that contribute to the barriers to testing identified in 2007.

2 μL of DNA (DNA concentration was in the of 24–187 ng) and 0.8 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Qiagen). The initial denaturation step at 94 °C for 3 min was followed

by 30 cycles of DNA denaturation at 94 °C for 10 s, primer annealing at 57 °C for 20 s, strand extension at 72 °C for 1 min and final extension step at 72 °C for 7 min. PCR products were separated by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. The presence of the cyrJ gene was checked in all 24 water samples collected from BY and BN, and the C. raciborski culture this website from BY. PCR-generated fragment of cyrJ from four of 24 water samples (BY 18 August 2006; BN 18 August 2006 and BY 30 August 2007; BN 30 August 2007) was used for sequencing. Although PCR and amplification conditions were different than described in subchapter 2.5., the PCRs were performed in 50-μL reaction volumes containing 1× Pfu polymerase buffer with 2 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 10 pmol μL−1 each of the forward cynsulfF and reverse cylnamR primers, 1 μL of DNA (DNA concentration was in the of 319–934 ng) PF-562271 mouse and 1.25 U of thermostable Pfu DNA polymerase (Fermentas). Cycling began with a denaturing step at 95 °C for 3 min followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 57 °C for 30 s and extension at 72 °C for 1 min. Amplification was completed by a final extension step at 72 °C for 7 min. Purified PCR products were cloned into a pJET1.2/blunt vector (Fermentas). Expected length of the PCR products cloned

was confirmed by restriction analysis using BglII restriction enzyme and agarose gel electrophoresis. The constructs prepared were Protein kinase N1 then subjected to a sequence analysis. The homology searches were performed using the National Center for Biotechnology Information microbial and nucleotide blast network service (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) (Zhang et al., 2000). A modified protocol of PCR based on amplification of C. raciborskii-specific rpoC1 gene fragment, developed by Wilson et al. (2000), was used for the specific identification of C. raciborskii in two of 24 water samples from BY and BN lakes (BY 18 August 2006; BN 18 August 2006) and the C. raciborskii culture from BY. The cyl2, cyl4 and cyl-int primers as well

as the preparation of internal control fragment (ICF) were described previously by Wilson et al. (2000) (Table 1). The ICF was constructed by performing PCRs with cyl-int and cyl4, and the PCR product was used in a final PCR with cyl2 and cyl4 to give a 247-bp ICF (Table 1). PCRs were performed in 50-μL reaction volumes containing 1× AccuPrime PCR Buffer II with 2 mM MgCl2 and 0.2 mM dNTPs, 10 pmol μL−1 of cyl2 and cyl4 primers, genomic DNA and 1 U of AccuPrime Taq High Fidelity DNA polymerase (Invitrogen) and 200 fg of ICF. Cycling began with a denaturing step at 94 °C for 1 min followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 58 °C for 30 s and extension at 68 °C for 30 s. Amplification was completed by the final extension step at 68 °C for 2 min.

However, recent researches have shown that this bacterium can use other invasion pathways mediating either Trigger or Zipper entry processes. Following eukaryotic cell invasion, Salmonella has to ensure its survival and proliferation within host cells. To do so, this bacterium resides either within a membrane-bound vacuole or freely within

host cell cytosol. It is DAPT purchase not clear why Salmonella has developed these alternate mechanisms for cell invasion and proliferation, but this provides a new insight into the mechanisms leading to Salmonella-induced diseases. Thus, the aim of this review is to show the evolution of Salmonella–host cell interaction paradigms by summarizing the different strategies used by Salmonella

serotypes to invade and proliferate into eukaryotic cells. “
“The physiology of the response in the methanotrophic bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus Bath towards thermal and solvent stress was studied. A systematic investigation of the toxic effects of organic compounds (chlorinated phenols and alkanols) on the growth of this bacterium was carried out. The sensitivity to the tested alkanols correlated with their chain length and hydrophobicity; methanol was shown to be an exception to which the cells showed a very high tolerance. This can be explained by the adaptation of these bacteria to growth on C1 compounds. On the other hand, learn more M. capsulatus Bath was very sensitive towards the tested chlorinated phenols. The high toxic effect of phenolic compounds on methanotrophic bacteria might be explained by the occurrence of toxic reactive oxygen species. In addition, a physiological proof of the presence of cis–trans isomerization

as a membrane-adaptive response mechanism in M. capsulatus Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase was provided. This is the first report on physiological evidence for the presence of the unique postsynthetic membrane-adaptive response mechanism of the cis–trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids in a bacterium that does not belong to the genera Pseudomonas and Vibrio where this mechanism was already reported and described extensively. Since the early 1990s, the isomerization of cis–trans unsaturated fatty acids as a unique mechanism known to enable bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Vibrio to adapt to several forms of environmental stress was already investigated intensely (Okuyama et al., 1991; Heipieper et al., 1992). The extent of isomerization apparently correlates with the fluidity effects caused by an increase in temperature or the accumulation of membrane-toxic organic compounds. The cis–trans isomerase (Cti) activity is constitutively present and is located in the periplasm; it does not require ATP or any other cofactor, and it operates in the absence of de novo synthesis of lipids (Heipieper et al., 2003).