The partially enlarged image in Figure  2b reveals that the CdS MPs were coated by graphene sheet clearly. Further evidence for the attachment of CdS MPs

onto the graphene is provided by TEM. Figure  2c shows a typical graphene nanosheet decorated by CdS MPs. It can be clearly observed that graphene nanosheets are hybridized with CdS MPs which are anchored on the graphene uniformly. Except for the CdS MPs decorating the graphene nanosheet, no other particles can be observed, which indicates the good combination of graphene and CdS MPs. The measurement of the size distribution shows that the CdS MPs in the hybrid have a relatively average diameter around 640 nm. For comparison, the TEM image of pure CdS MPs is shown in Figure  2d, which gives BVD-523 in vitro similar size distribution with that of CdS MPs in the hybrid. Figure 2 SEM and TEM images of G/M-CdS composites and pure CdS MPs. Typical SEM images of as-prepared G/M-CdS composites (a, b) and TEM images selleck of G/M-CdS (c) and pure CdS MPs (d). The adsorption of Rh.B was enhanced gradually before 150 min in the dark, when the check details adsorption-desorption equilibrium was reached. Figure  3 shows the adsorption capacity of Rh.B onto G/M-CdS composites and

pure CdS MPs with different loading amount recorded at 150 min. The removal ratio of Rh.B increases with the increasing loading amount of G/M-CdS. The removal ratio of the dye is increased from 49.1% to 84.5% when the loading amount increases from 4 to 36 mg, which is higher than that of pure CdS MPs. The higher extraction efficiency of G/M-CdS could be attributed much to the large surface area and high adsorption ability of the graphene. The mechanism of the G/CdS adsorption toward the organic dye may be derived from two reasons. One reason might be based

on van der Waals interactions occurring between the hexagonally arrayed carbon atoms in the graphite sheet of G/CdS and the aromatic backbones of the dye. The second reason might be due to the strong π-stacking interaction between the benzene ring of the dye and the large delocalized π-electron system of the G [37]. It can be seen that the removal ratio gets to saturation when the loading amount of G/M-CdS is more than 20 mg. Figure 3 Adsorption capacity of Rh.B onto G/M-CdS composites and pure CdS MPs with different loading amount. The photocatalytic performance of the G/M-CdS composites in terms of photodegradation of Rh.B molecules under visible-light irradiation was investigated. Figure  4 describes the removed Rh.B amount as a function of irradiation time. The loading amounts of G/M-CdS and CdS MPs are both 20 mg. When using G/M-CdS photocatalysts, the photodegradation rates of Rh.B had reached 69.5% after irradiating for 120 min. After the illumination time was extended to 270 min, 96.6% of Rh.B was decomposed. For pure CdS MPs, the photodegradation rate of Rh.B was 83.8% after 270 min visible light irradiation.

4) 42 0 (0.0) Breast/Ovarian 3 78 78 10 (12.8) 0 0 (0.0) Cutaneous 1 2 2 2 (100) 0 0 (0.0) TOTAL: 52 7433 4458 459 (10.3) † 2596 221 (8.5) Patients were grouped into those who received cetuximab, either alone or in combination with other therapeutics, and controls (those who did not receive cetuximab). † p < 0.05 compared to control group. * One study contained patients with either Head-Neck or Non-small cell lung cancer and is displayed in both groups. Pulmonary Reactions A total of 459 patients (10.3%) in the cetuximab group had adverse pulmonary reactions compared to 221 (8.5%) who Trichostatin A research buy received standard, non-cetuximab therapy (p < 0.02). Studies focusing on colorectal cancer,

lung cancer, and head-neck cancer had sufficient learn more numbers in both the cetuximab and control groups to compare pulmonary complications; however, hepatobiliary,

pancreatic, breast, ovarian, and cutaneous cancer studies lacked adequate numbers of control patients to compare these complications. Colorectal cancer studies demonstrate a low rate of pulmonary complications overall with 3.41% GSK1838705A cost incidence in the cetuximab group versus 2.56% in the control patients (p = NS). The most common side effect was dyspnea in these studies making up more than 90% of the adverse reactions. Pulmonary adverse events were much more common, as would be expected in NSCLC trials with an incidence of 18.7% in the cetuximab group versus 12.2% in the control arms (p < 0.001). Similarly, dyspnea made up the majority of pulmonary adverse events (13.2% vs 9.2%, p < 0.02) with other significant differences occurring in the incidence of pneumonitis (1.1% versus 0.0%, p < 0.001) being worse in the MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit cetuximab groups. For head-neck cancer studies, the overall rates of pulmonary complications were similar between the cetuximab and control groups (17.9% versus 20.1%, p = NS), but favored the cetuximab group.

Dyspnea was more common in the cetuximab group (8.7%) than the control group (5%, p < 0.02) in Head and Neck Cancer Trials. Conversely, there were fewer patients with increased sputum production (3.0% versus 6.6%, p < 0.01) and cough (4.5% versus 7.8%, p < 0.01) in the control group compared to the cetuximab group. From all studies, the difference in other pulmonary adverse events appears to be similar (Table 4). Table 4 Combined pulmonary adverse events cited in clinical trials.   Colorectal Cancer Cetuximab Control Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cetuximab Control Head-Neck Cancer Cetuximab Control   N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) Dyspnea/RI 70 (3.1) 35 (2.6) 131 (13.4) † 62 (9.2) 87 (8.7) † 26 (5.0) PE 3 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 32 (3.3) 16 (2.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Pneumonia 2 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 4 (0.4) 1 (1.2) 13 (1.4) 4 (0.8) ILD 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Cough 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 8 (3.4) 3 (3.6) 42 (4.5) † 40 (7.8) Pneumonitis 1 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 17 (1.7) † 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Pleural Effusion 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (0.3) 0 (0.0) Increased Sputum 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.

Angola, Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo have all experienced re-established transmission, resulting in reservoirs from where neighboring countries have been repeatedly infected. In addition, the transmission of cVDPVs has also caused problems in a number of countries. Poor management and oversight of polio and routine immunization Batimastat cell line campaigns continue to be a major risk factor

for outbreaks following re-importation of the poliovirus into previously polio-free countries [1]. Gaps in the quality of acute flaccid paralysis surveillance have also compromised the speed of outbreak response activities. Only three polio-endemic countries remain in 2013: Afghanistan, Nigeria and

Pakistan. It can be argued that geopolitical events in all three countries, such as war and insecurity, in addition to the loss of community confidence in the immunization program in some areas of these countries, have continued to hamper eradication progress. Civil disturbance displaces children and can result in the blocking of access routes during vaccination campaigns. EPZ015666 ic50 Deep distrust of perceived Western-led initiatives has also impacted on polio immunization efforts. False rumors, such as those that circulated in Nigeria in 2003 that the polio vaccine was being used to sterilize Muslim girls [21] and those that circulated in Pakistan in 2011 that the USA and its allies were running spying networks through vaccination campaigns [22] have contributed to a loss of community confidence in the immunization program. A series of fatal attacks in December Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II 2012 and February 2013 targeting

polio vaccination workers in Pakistan and Nigeria, respectively, has led to fear and confusion around vaccination campaigns and appears to have compromised the vaccine coverage in some areas. This continues to affect immunization uptake and intensive efforts have been made to engage local community and religious leaders to champion the cause. The combination of missed targets for eradication and the high costs of implementing the GPEI’s activities worldwide has prompted some public health officials to question the concept of eradication in favor of a strategy of “effective control”. They argue that maintaining less than 500 polio cases per year would be cheaper than completing eradication [23]. This suggestion has so far been rejected by the international public health and donor communities, and continued polio surveillance still requires Ferrostatin-1 molecular weight extensive financial and operational efforts. Epidemiological modeling has suggested that in low-income countries alone, a switch to ‘control’ would result in an estimated 4 million polio-paralyzed children over the next 20 years [24].

Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 220–235

Patton MQ (1990) Qualitative evaluation and research methods, 2nd edn. Sage, Newbury Park, CA Pohl C, Hirsch Hadorn G (2007) Principles for designing transdisciplinary research—proposed by the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences. Ökom, Munich Pohl C, Rist S, Zimmermann A, Fry P, Gurung GS, Schneider F, Speranza CI, Kiteme B, Boillat S, Serrano E, Hadorn GH, Wiesmann U (2010a) Researchers’ ATR inhibitor roles in knowledge co-production: experience from sustainability research in Kenya, Switzerland, Bolivia and Nepal. Sci Public Policy 37(4):267–281. doi:10.​3152/​030234210X496628​ Pohl C, Wuelser G, Hirsch Hadorn G (2010b) Nachhaltigkeitsforschung: Kompromittiert die Orientierung an der gesellschaftlichen Leitidee einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung den Anspruch als Forschungsform? In: Bogner A, Kastenhofer K, Torgersen H (eds) Inter- und Transdisziplinarität im Wandel? Neue Perspektiven auf problemorientierte Forschung und Politikberatung. Nomos, Baden-Baden, pp 123–143 Redclift M (1992) The meaning of sustainable development. Geoforum 23(3):395–403CrossRef Robinson J (2004) Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development. Ecol Econ 48 (4): 369–384. doi:10.​1016/​J.​Ecolecon.​2003.​10.​017 Schultz

J, Brand F, Kopfmuller J, Ott K (2008) Building a ‘theory of sustainable development’: two salient conceptions within the German discourse. Int J Environ Sustain Dev 7(4):465–482. doi:10.​1504/​ijesd.​2008.​022390 Sneddon C, Howarth RB, Norgaard RB (2006) Sustainable development in a post-Brundtland world. Ecol Econ 57(2):253–268. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ecolecon.​2005.​04.​013 BMN 673 in vivo Thompson J, Scoones I (2009) Addressing the dynamics of agri-food systems: an emerging agenda for social science research. Environ Sci Policy 12(4):386–397CrossRef van Egmond ND, de

Vries PAK5 HJM (2011) Sustainability: the search for the integral worldview. Futures 43(8):853–867. doi:10.​1016/​j.​futures.​2011.​05.​027 WCED (1987) Our common future. EPZ015938 mw Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York Weber M (1973) Die Objektivität sozialwissenschaftlicher und sozialpolitischer Erkenntnis. In: Winckelmann J (ed) Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre. Mohr (Siebeck), Tübingen, pp 146–215 Wiek A, Ness B, Schweizer-Ries P, Brand FS, Farioli F (2012) From complex systems analysis to transformational change: a comparative appraisal of sustainability science projects. Sustain Sci 7:5–24. doi:10.​1007/​S11625-011-0148-Y Wolf S, Eugster W, Potvin C, Turner B, Buchmann N (2011) Carbon sequestration potential of tropical pasture compared with afforestation in Panama. Glob Change Biol 17(9):2763–2780CrossRef Wuelser G, Pohl C, Hirsch Hadorn G (2012) Structuring complexity for tailoring research contributions to sustainable development: a framework. Sustain Sci 7:81–93. doi:10.​1007/​s11625-011-0143-3 Wynne B (1991) Knowledges in context.