Table 2 Baseline characteristics according to the category of proteinuria at 1 year of follow-up Variables Category of UPE at 1 year of follow-up (g/day) p value Disappeared (<0.3) Mild (0.30–0.39) Moderate (0.40–0.99) Severe (≥1.00) Number of patients 80 23 22 16   Age (years) 35 (26–44) 30 (25–42) 32 (26–36) 35 (26–42) >0.2 Female 39 (48.8) 11 (47.8) 12 (54.5) 9 (56.3) >0.2 Current smokers 18 (22.5) 5 (21.7) 6 (27.3) 5 (31.3)

>0.2 BP >130/80 mmHg 25 (31.3) 9 (39.1) 5 (22.7) 4 (25.0) >0.2 UPE (g/day) 0.82 MLN2238 (0.57–1.28) 0.80 (0.64–2.17) 1.58 (0.97–2.28) 1.90 (1.25–2.80) <0.001# U-RBC >30/hpf 48 (60.0) 12 (52.2) 8 (36.4) 9 (56.3) >0.2 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) 75.1 ± 27.1 73.7 ± 29.1 68.2 ± 29.5 66.3 ± 29.1 >0.2 eGFR <60 25 (31.3) 10 (43.5) 10 (45.5) 6 (37.5) >0.2 Tonsillectomy 40 (50.0) 10 (43.5) 12 (54.5) 6 (37.5) >0.2 RAAS inhibitors 35 (43.8) 9 (39.1) 11 (50.0) 7 (43.8) >0.2 Values are presented as numbers (%), medians (IQR) or mean ± SD BP blood pressure, UPE urinary protein excretion, U-RBC urinary sediments of red blood cells, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate. # p < 0.05 Renal GS-4997 nmr survival according to the UPE category at 1 year by Kaplan–Meier analysis and multivariate Cox model The results of the univariate time-dependent analyses by the Kaplan–Meier method are shown in Fig. 3. GSK2399872A Patients in the Disappeared and Mildcategories showed significantly better renal survival compared to the Moderate or Severe categories

(log-rank, p < 0.05 for both strata), whereas there was no such difference between the Moderate and Severe categories (log-rank, p > 0.2). Fig. 3 Renal survival determined by the Kaplan–Meier method, stratified by the category of UPE at 1 year after 6 months of steroid therapy. These unadjusted curves demonstrate that, in addition to the Disappeared category, the Mild category showed significantly better renal survival compared to that in the Moderate or Severe categories (log-rank, p < 0.05 for both strata) The clinical predictors for the endpoint in the Cox–hazard model

are presented in Table 3. Relative to the Severe category in the multivariate model, the Disappeared and Mild categories were favorable predictors, with risk reduction of approximately 90 and 70 %, respectively, whereas the Moderate category was not associated with renal survival. In contrast, eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 CHIR-99021 cost at baseline was an unfavorable predictor. Clinical remission, as well as a U-RBC <5/hpf at 1 year after steroid therapy, was not associated with renal survival in the univariate model. Table 3 Clinical predictors for a 50 % increase in serum creatinine from the baseline level in the Cox–hazard model Predictors Univariate model Multivariate modela HR (95 % CI) p value HR (95 % CI) p value At 1 year  Category of proteinuriab   Disappeared c 0.07 (0.01–0.33) 0.001# 0.06 (0.01–0.57) 0.014#   Mild c 0.10 (0.12–0.80) 0.030# 0.02 (0.00–0.29) 0.003#   Moderate c 0.55 (0.16–1.98) >0.2 0.24 (0.04–1.25) 0.

J Power Sources 2009, 188:338–342.CrossRef 17. Zheng MB, Cao J, Liao ST, Liu JS, Chen HQ, Zhao Y, Dai WJ, Ji GB, Cao JM, Tao J: Preparation of mesoporous Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles via solid–liquid route and effects of calcination temperature and textural parameters on their electrochemical capacitive behaviors. J Phys Chem C 2009, 113:3887–3894.CrossRef 18. Lee HY, Goodenough JB: Ideal supercapacitor behavior of amorphous V 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O in potassium chloride (KCl) aqueous solution. J Solid

State Chem 1999, 148:81–84.CrossRef 19. learn more Poizot P, Laruelle S, Grugeon S, Dupont L, Tarascon JM: Nano-sized transition-metal oxides as negative-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Nature 2000, 407:496–499.CrossRef 20. selleckchem Mamak M, Coombs N, Ozin GA: Mesoporous nickel−yttria−zirconia fuel cell materials. Chem Mater 2001, 13:3564–3570.CrossRef 21. Wang X, Song J, Gao L, Jin J, Zheng H, Zhang Z: Optical and electrochemical properties of nanosized NiO via thermal decomposition of nickel oxalate nanofibres. Nanotechnology 2005, 16:37–39.CrossRef 22. Karlsson J, Roos A: Angle-resolved optical characterisation of an electrochromic device. Sol Energy 2000, 68:493–497.CrossRef 23. Fantini MCA, Ferreira FF, Gorenstein A: Theoretical and experimental results on Au-NiO and Au-CoO electrochromic composite films. Solid State Ion 2002, 152:867–872.CrossRef 24. Makiak E, Opilaski Z: Transition metal oxides covered Pd film for optical H 2 gas detection. Thin Solid

Films 2007, 515:8351–8355.CrossRef 25. Miller EL, Rocheleau RE: Electrochemical behavior of reactively sputtered iron‒doped nickel oxide. J Electrochem Soc 1997, 144:3072–3077.CrossRef 26. Xiong S, Yuan C, Zhang X, Qian Y: Mesoporous NiO with CYT387 various hierarchical nanostructures by quasi-nanotubes/nanowires/nanorods self-assembly: controllable preparation

and application in supercapacitors. CrystEngComm 2011, 13:626–632.CrossRef 27. Wang DW, Li F, Cheng HM: Hierarchical porous nickel oxide and carbon as electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitor. J Power Sources 2008, 185:1563–1568.CrossRef 28. Hou Y, Cheng YW, Hobson T, Liu J: Design and synthesis ifenprodil of hierarchical MnO 2 nanospheres/carbon nanotubes/conducting polymer ternary composite for high performance electrochemical electrodes. Nano Lett 2010, 10:2727–2733.CrossRef 29. Jiang H, Zhao T, Ma J, Yan CY, Li CZ: Ultrafine manganese dioxide nanowire network for high-performance supercapacitors. Chem Commun 2011, 47:1264–1266.CrossRef 30. Reddy ALM, Shaijumon MM, Gowda SR, Ajayan PM: Coaxial MnO 2 /carbon nanotube array electrodes for high-performance lithium batteries. Nano Lett 2009, 9:1002–1006.CrossRef 31. Guo YG, Hu JS, Wan LJ: Nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Adv Mater 2008, 20:2878–2887.CrossRef 32. Dar FI, Habouti S, Minch R, Dietze M, Es-Souni M: Morphology control of 1D noble metal nano/heterostructures towards multi-functionality. J Mater Chem 2012, 22:8671–8679.CrossRef 33.

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:2985–2989PubMedCrossRef Portis AR Jr (2003) BKM120 manufacturer Rubisco activase—Rubisco’s catalytic chaperone. Photosynth Res 75:11–27PubMedCrossRef Portis AR Jr, Li CS, Wang DF, Salvucci ME (2008) Regulation of Rubisco activase and its interaction with Rubisco. J Exp Bot 59:1597–1604PubMedCrossRef Robinson SP, Portis AR Jr (1988) Release of the nocturnal inhibitor, carboxyarabinitol-1-phosphate,

from ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase by rubisco activase. FEBS Lett 233:413–416CrossRef Robinson SP, Portis AR Jr (1989a) Adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by purified Rubisco activase. Arch Biochem Biophys 268:93–99PubMedCrossRef Robinson SP, LEE011 ic50 Portis AR Jr (1989b) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase protein prevents the in vitro decline in activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Plant Physiol 90:968–971PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rumeau D, Bécuwe- Linka N, Beyly A, Carrier P, Cuiné S, Genty B, Medgyesy P, Horvath E, Peltier G (2004) Increased zinc content in transplastomic tobacco plants expressing a polyhistidine-tagged Rubisco large subunit. Plant Biotechnol J 2:389–399PubMedCrossRef Salvucci ME, Portis AR Jr, Ogren WL (1985) A soluble chloroplast protein catalyzes

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activation in vivo. Photosynth Res 7:193–201PubMedCrossRef Salvucci ME, DeRidder BP, Portis selleck kinase inhibitor AR Jr (2006) Effect of activase level and isoform on the thermotolerance of photosynthesis in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 57:3793–3799PubMedCrossRef Sharkey

TD, Savitch LV, Butz ND (1991) Photometric method for routine determination of kcat and carbamylation of rubisco. Photosynth Res 28:41–48PubMedCrossRef Spreitzer RJ, Salvucci ME (2002) Rubisco: structure, regulatory interactions, and possibilities for a better enzyme. Ann Rev Plant Biol 53:449–475CrossRef Stitt M, Lilley RM, Heldt HW (1982) Adenine nucleotide levels in Progesterone the cytosol, chloroplasts, and mitochondria of wheat leaf protoplasts. Plant Physiol 70:971–977PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Stotz M, Mueller-Cajar O, Ciniawsky S, Wendler P, Hartl FU, Bracher A, Hayer-Hartl M (2011) Structure of green-type Rubisco activase from tobacco. Nat Struct Mol Biol 18:1366–1370PubMedCrossRef Sulpice R, Tschoep H, Von Korff M, Büssis D, Usadel B, Höhne M, Witucka-Wall H, Altmann T, Stitt M, Gibon Y (2007) Description and applications of a rapid and sensitive non-radioactive microplate-based assay for maximum and initial activity of d-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Plant Cell Environ 30:1163–1175PubMedCrossRef van de Loo FJ, Salvucci ME (1996) Activation of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) involves Rubisco activase Trp16.

We propose future research to assess the check details effects of oral ATP administration on blood flow in a placebo-controlled crossover or parallel design. Conclusion Oral ATP administration can increase blood flow, and this effect is particularly prominent following exercise. Increased blood flow due to ATP supplementation may be the mechanism responsible for ergogenic

effects following chronic ATP supplementation as previously reported in the scientific literature. However, the exact mechanism whereby ATP increases blood flow during post-exercise recovery periods SN-38 solubility dmso remains unknown and future investigation in this area is warranted. Acknowledgements We are grateful for the support from TSI, Sapitinib Missoula, MT, for funding this study. References 1. Agteresch HJ, Dagnelie PC, van den Berg JW, Wilson JH: Adenosine triphosphate: established and potential clinical applications. Drugs 1999,58(2):211–232.PubMedCrossRef 2. Bannwarth B, Allaert F-A, Avouac B, Rossignol M, Rozenberg S, Valat J-P: A randomized, double-blind,

placebo controlled study of oral adenosine Triphosphate in subacute low back pain. J Rheumatol 2005, 32:1114–1117.PubMed 3. Jordan AN, Jurca R, Abraham EH, Salikhova A, Mann JK, Morss GM, Church TS, Lucia A, Earnest CP: Effects of oral ATP supplementation on anaerobic power and muscular strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004,36(6):983–990.PubMedCrossRef 4. Rathmacher JA, Fuller JC Jr, Baier SM, Abumrad NN, Angus HF, Sharp RL: Adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) supplementation improves low peak muscle torque and torque fatigue during repeated Cepharanthine high intensity exercise sets. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012,9(1):48.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 5. Sprague RE, Bowles EA, Achilleus D, Ellsworth ML: Erythrocyte as controllers of perfusion distribution in the microvasculature skeletal muscle.

Acta Physiol 2011, 202:285–292.CrossRef 6. Wilson JM, Joy JM, Lowery RP, Roberts MD, Lockwood CM, Manninen AH, Fuller JC Jr, De Souza EO, Baier SM, Wilson SMC, Rathmacher JA: Effects of oral adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) supplementation on athletic performance, skeletal muscle hypertrophy and recovery in resistance-trained men. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013, 10:57.CrossRef 7. May C, Weigl L, Karel A, Hohenegger M: Extracellular ATP activates ERK1/ERK2 via a metabotropic P2Y1 receptor in a Ca2+ independent manner in differentiated human skeletal muscle cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2006,71(10):1497–1509.PubMedCrossRef 8. Rosenmeier JB, Hansen J, Gonźalez-Alonso J: Circulating ATP-induced vasodilatation overrides sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2004, 558:351–365.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 9.

Additionally, it would explain why only a 3–30% of lactating women suffer from such infection when it is the predominant bacterial species found in breast milk of healthy women [29,30]. Conclusion Staphylococcus epidermidisis the most prevalent staphylococcal species isolated from breast milk of women suffering mastitis, where it is present at a concentration notably higher than that present in milk of healthy woman (≥ 4.0 versus ≤ 3.0 log10cfu mL-1, respectively). The percentage of strains showing biofilm production

ability and resitance to mupirocin, erythromycin, clindamicyn and/or methicillin was significantly SHP099 higher among those obtained from women with lactational mastitis than among those isolated from healthy Momelotinib purchase women. The random method used to select staphylococcal colonies from the samples could introduce a bias regarding the low number of samples from whichS. aureuswas isolated. Traditionally,S. aureushas been considered as the main etiological agent of mastitis. However, the results of this work suggest thatS. epidermidiscould be an additional and underrated cause of lactational mastitis; as a consequence, its presence should be also considered in bacteriological analyses of human milk when there is a suspicious

of a mastitis infection. Further studies involving a larger number of samples and staphylococcal isolates will be required to confirm the results obtained in this study. Methods Samples and isolation of staphylococcal isolates A total of 30 women aged 25–34 years with clinical symptoms of infectious mastitis participated in the study (Table1). They were diagnosed Phospholipase D1 by the lactation consultants attending different primary health-care centers in Spain in a 2-months period (October-November 2007). The total staphylococcal count was higher ≥ 4 log10cfu mL-1in all their samples. Women with mammary abscesses or any kind of parallel diseases and patients treated with antibiotherapy during the previous two weeks of the study were excluded.

All volunteers gave written informed consent to the protocol, which was approved by the Ethical Committee of Hospital Clínico of Madrid (Spain). The milk samples were collected as described previously [31], and plated onto ready to use Baird Parker (BP) plates supplied by bioMérieux (Marcy l’Etoile, France). The plates were incubated in aerobiosis at 37°C for 48 h. Identification of staphylococci Initially, a total of 270 isolates (10 from each sample displaying bacterial Selleckchem EPZ015938 growth on BP plates) were randomly selected and tested for catalase and coagulase activities and for their resistance to lysozyme and lysostaphin [32]. All of them were subjected to a novel multiplex PCR method designed to allow a rapid identification ofS. epidermidisandS. aureusisolates. The new primers (see below) were designed on the basis of the variable regions of thetufgene sequence ofStaphylococcususing the program Clone Manager Suite 7.0 (Sci Ed Central, USA).

Several encystation-specific genes have been identified and characterized

during the last decade, and have shown to be up-regulated with similar kinetics during encystation, suggesting that their regulation is at the transcriptional level [70]. Several reports also described putative transcription factors that regulate the expression of encystation-specific genes [71–74]. It was assumed that the encystation process is controlled at multiple levels (basic transcription, enhancement or de-repression) [62]. Moreover, it was hypothesized that epigenetic chromatin modifications via histone acetylation/deacetylation may participate in modulation of stage differentiation in this parasite [75]. In higher organisms, different RNA helicases have been described to interact with histone deacetylases (HDACs), such PF-562271 manufacturer as the known transcriptional regulator DP103 (Ddx20, Gemin3), which was found to immunoprecipitate with histone deacetylases HDAC2 and HDAC5, suggesting a role in transcription repression through HDACs recruitment [76]. In addition, the role of the RNA helicases p68 (Ddx5) and p72 (Ddx17) as transcription repressors when interacting with HDAC1 [77], HDAC2 and HDAC3 has been reported [78]. Our findings regarding the levels

of induction of the RNA helicase genes by qPCR were diverse, LB-100 purchase ranging from a smooth 2-4-fold induction in some DEAD-box genes to a high (20-31 times) relative expression in other genes.

Two genes, DEAD-box GL50803_13791 and DEAH-box GL50803_13200, presented a marked induction of 554 and 228 times, respectively, under the encystation conditions. Notably, the up-regulation of the encystation-specific gene coding for CWP2 increased up to 2,187 times compared to its expression in trophozoites. In Giardia, the RNAi machinery controlling antigenic variation has been found to involve a Dicer Galeterone enzyme with unique characteristics when compared to Dicer enzymes from higher eukaryotes. Giardia Dicer lacks the DExD/H helicase domain as well as double-stranded RNA binding motifs present in other Dicer homologs. Because we are only starting to understand the different roles of RNA helicases in RNAi, there are still many unresolved questions. Since different RNA helicases might operate at different steps in the RNAi pathway or might play different roles, the presence of thirty two putative DExD/H-box helicases in the Giardia genome and their differential patterns of expression during antigenic variation PF-4708671 order support their importance for RNAi. It would be relevant to determine the role of particular Giardia RNA helicases for different subsets of miRNA or siRNAs.

For

most of these, their direct connection with ribose metabolism is unknown, and is likely an indirect effect. Conclusions The ability to ferment meat and fish is related to the capacity of the bacterium to rapidly take up the available carbohydrates and other components for growth. The importance of this process, especially to the meat industry, stimulates research aimed at understanding the mechanisms for transport and metabolism of these compounds, with the ultimate goal to be able to select improved strains. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses with DNA microarrays efficiently allowed the identification of genes differentially expressed between growth on the two carbohydrates which L. sakei can utilize from these substrates. Moreover, microarrays were a powerful tool to increase the understanding of the bacterium’s primary metabolism and revealed TGF beta inhibitor a global regulatory mechanism. In summary, the ribose uptake and catabolic machinery is highly regulated at the transcription level, and it is closely linked with catabolism of nucleosides. A global regulation mechanism seems to permit a

fine tuning of Captisol mouse the expression of enzymes that control efficient exploitation of available carbon sources. Acknowledgements and funding This work was financially supported by Grant 159058/I10 from the Norwegian Research Council. The authors would like to thank Monique Zagorec for helpful suggestions and critically reading the manuscript. We also thank Margrete Solheim, Sodium butyrate Mari Christine Brekke, and Signe Marie Drømtorp for their assistance during the experiments, and Hallgeir Bergum, the Norwegian Microarray Consortium (NMC), for printing the microarray slides. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S3. Primer and probe sets used for qRT-PCR. Presents

the primer and probe sets used for validation of microarray data by qRT-PCR analysis. Table S4. Comparison of microarray data with qRT-PCR results of L. sakei strain LS 25 grown on ribose compared with glucose. Presents gene regulation values (log2) from the qRT-PCR analysis in comparison with microarray data. (PDF 58 KB) References 1. Hammes WP, Bantleon A, Min S: Lactic acid bacteria in meat fermentation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1990, 87:165–174.CrossRef 2. Hammes WP, Hertel C: New developments in meat starter cultures. Meat Science 1998, 49:125–138.CrossRef 3. Bredholt S, Nesbakken T, Holck A: Protective RG7420 nmr cultures inhibit growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cooked, sliced, vacuum- and gas-packaged meat. Int J Food Microbiol 1999, 53:43–52.PubMedCrossRef 4. Bredholt S, Nesbakken T, Holck A: Industrial application of an antilisterial strain of Lactobacillus sakei as a protective culture and its effect on the sensory acceptability of cooked, sliced, vacuum-packaged meats.

Instead, eland moved seasonally between the reserve and the ranches. It is plausible that short, nutritious forbs which eland selects in the wet season (Watson and Owen-Smith 2000; Augustine et al. 2010) occurred at higher densities in the livestock-dominated areas in the ranches in the wet season. By contrast, giraffe are almost exclusively browsers favouring trees and shrubs and feeding almost entirely on forage at least 1 m off the ground (Owen-Smith and Cooper 1987). The ranches support 11–12% woody cover and the reserve 4% as measured by Reid et al. (2003). Milciclib ic50 This higher abundance of trees and shrubs on the ranches may be partially

the result of rocky topography in parts of the ranches, but may also RGFP966 clinical trial be because combined livestock and wildlife grazing removes more grass fuel on the ranches than in the reserve, thus discouraging extensive fires that suppress tree and shrub establishment (Scholes and Archer 1997). As a result, giraffe were more abundant in the ranches with more trees and shrubs in the wet season. Comparisons of age ratios and female proportions between landscapes We predicted that the lower number of predators, lower predation risk, and Vactosertib price shorter grass (Ogutu et al. 2005), and better predator visibility (Kanga et al. 2011), will lead to a higher proportion of the pregnant females bearing and raising their young on the ranches than in the reserve. As expected, newborn warthog and juvenile topi were significantly more abundant in

the ranches, suggesting

a preference for shorter grass areas where predation risk is lower. Contrary to our expectation, however, the proportions of newborn topi and zebra were higher in the reserve, suggesting a push from pastoralists or a pull by something for in the reserve, such as tall and dense grass cover for young to hide. The ratio of females to males varied significantly from parity for impala and topi, for which a female biased sex ratio is common (Sinclair et al. 2000). Our results suggest that female impala and topi were more abundant in the reserve, consistent with our speculation that competition with livestock and disturbance by humans and dogs in the ranches forces more females accompanied by their young into the reserve. Female giraffe and hartebeest were evenly distributed between the reserve and ranches, suggesting little influence of land use on the distribution of females relative to males. Implications for pastoralism, wildlife management and conservation Dispersal areas for wildlife in pastoral systems and their adjoining protected areas in African savannas represent wet season refuges for many wild herbivores that range seasonally beyond the protected area boundaries (Ogutu et al. 2008; Augustine et al. 2010). Our study shows that these areas can, and indeed do, support a high diversity of wildlife, especially in the wet season when resources are widely available due to maintenance of grasslands by livestock in short, nutritious growth stage.

Annu Rev Med 61:91–104PubMedCrossRef 5. Benet-Pages Momelotinib supplier A, Lorenz-Depiereux B, Zischka H, White KE, Econs MJ, Strom TM (2004) FGF23 is processed by proprotein convertases but not by PHEX. Bone 35:455–462PubMedCrossRef 6. Shimada T, Muto T, Urakaw I, Yoneya T, Yamazaki Y, Okawa K, Takeuchi Y, Fujita

T, Fukumoto S, Yamashita T (2002) Mutant FGF-23 responsible for autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets is resistant to proteolytic cleavage and causes hyphophatemia in vivo. Endocrinology 143:3179–3182PubMedCrossRef 7. Prentice A, Ceesay M, Nigdikar S, Allen SJ, Pettifor JM (2008) FGF23 is elevated in Gambian Fedratinib chemical structure children with rickets. Bone 42:788–797PubMedCrossRef 8. Braithwaite V, Jarjou LM, Goldberg GR, Jones H, Pettifor JM, Prentice A (2012) Follow-up study of Gambian children with rickets-like bone deformities and elevated plasma FGF23: possible aetiological factors. Bone 50:218–225PubMedCrossRef 9. Braithwaite V, Jarjou LMA, Goldberg

GR, Prentice A (2012) Iron status and fibroblast growth factor-23 in Gambian children. Bone 50(6):1351–1356PubMedCrossRef”
“Erratum EPZ015938 purchase to: Osteoporos Int DOI 10.1007/s00198-012-2209-1 The authors mistakenly reported incorrect mean values and SDs for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the last row of Table 1. The correct means (SDs) are 19.3 (6.2) for underweight, 20.1 (6.0) for normal weight, and 20.4 (6.1) for overweight/obesity. Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the 1,614 postmenopausal women according to body mass index   Underweight (N = 135)b Normal weight (N = 1,131) Overweight/obese (N = 348)b p c Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Age (year) 65.5 14.3 62.5 11.2 63.2 10.1 – BMI (kg/m2) 17.2 1.2 21.9 1.7 27.2 2.4 – Weight (kg) 39.4 4.8 50.4 5.8 61.4 7.8 <0.01 Lean mass (kg) 31.6 3.2 34.1 3.4 36.1 3.5 <0.01 Fat mass (%) 19.8 6.5 31.4 5.8 40.0 4.6 <0.01 Waist circumference (cm) 74.8 7.7 83.9 7.5 93.0 10.5 <0.01 DM (%)

3.7 %   6.1 %   16.1 %   <0.01 Hypertension (%) 58.5 %   66.0 %   79.9 %   <0.01 Hyperlipidemia (%) 30.4 %   50.5 %   64.4 %   <0.01 Smoker (%) 2.3 %   2.6 %   3.8 %   0.17 Treated by conjugated estrogen or estradiol 7.4 %   6.9 %   2.9 %   0.01 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) 62.2 19.5 63.9 20.2 66.4 62.2 0.04 Osteoporosis (%)a 57.8 % learn more   31.3 %   21.0/15.3 %   <0.01 Osteopenia (%)a 19.3 %   22.1 %   21.0/15.3 %   0.06 Prior fracture (%) 23.7 % 42.7 % 17.4 % 37.9 % 15.8 % 23.7 % 0.65 Lumbar BMD (g/cm2) 0.821 0.220 0.955 0.197 1.037 0.199/0.144 <0.01 Femur BMD (g/cm2) 0.661 0.121 0.774 0.131 0.844 0.199/0.144 <0.01 Back pain (%) 34.1 %   29.3 %   26.4 %   0.19 BAP (IU) 30.8 10.9 30.6 11.8 31.4 11.4 0.45 NTX (nM/mM Cr) 56.0 29.8 51.3 27.2 50.3 26.9 0.20 Osteocalcin (ng/mL) 8.6 4.2 7.8 3.5 7.4 7.2 0.02 ucOC (ng/mL) 5.2 2.4 4.6 3.1 4.7 3.2 0.87 25(OH)D (ng/mL) 19.3 6.2 20.1 6.0 20.4 6.1 0.

8 V, the ZnO (002) peak intensity was gradually increased and the Ni/PET peaks were decreased check details relatively. This may be caused by the thicker and closely

packed ZnO as shown in Figure 4. To obtain a single ZnO nanorod for TEM images and SAED patterns, the ZnO NRAs integrated sample (Figure 2) was agitated in ethanol solution by ultrasonication. In Figure 5b, the single ZnO nanorod with size/height of 75/600 nm was shown, and the indexed SAED pattern confirmed that the ZnO nanorod was well crystallized with the wurtzite structure. As can be seen in the inset of Figure 5b, the lattice spacing of 0.52 nm was observed in the lattice fringes, which was also in well agreement with the d-spacing Selleck SCH772984 of the ZnO (002) crystal plane corresponding to 2θ = 34.4°. Figure 5 XRD patterns and TEM images. (a) Synthesized ZnO on the seed-coated CT substrate at different external cathodic voltages from −1.6 to −2.8 V for 1 h under ultrasonic agitation, and (b) TEM image (left) and SAED pattern (right)

of the single nanorod detached from the ZnO NRAs grown at −2 V. For comparison, the XRD pattern of bare CT substrate is also given in (a). The inset of (b) shows the HR TEM image of the ZnO nanorod. Figure 6 shows the room-temperature PL spectra of the bare CT substrate and the synthesized ZnO on the seed-coated CT substrate at different external cathodic voltages from −1.6 to −2.8 V for 1 h under ultrasonic agitation. The inset shows the PL peak intensity and full width at half ABT263 maximum (FWHM) of the synthesized ZnO as a

function of external cathodic voltage. Here, the PL emission was detected with an excitation at 266 nm using an Nd-YAG laser source. For the bare CT substrate, there was no PL emission peak due to the absence of the ZnO. Similarly, for the rarely synthesized ZnO on the seed-coated CT substrate under a low external cathodic voltage of −1.6 V, a very weak PL emission peak was observed in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength region. However, for the ZnO-deposited samples with external cathodic voltages of −2, −2.4, and −2.8 V, the narrow PL emission Dimethyl sulfoxide peaks were observed at wavelengths of 374.3, 377.8, and 380.2 nm, respectively. These PL emissions were attributed to the near band edge (NBE) transition and radial recombination in the direct bandgap of the deposited ZnO. Particularly, the PL intensity of UV emission was largely increased at −2 V (i.e., integrated ZnO NRAs on the seed-coated CT substrate). As shown in the inset, the PL intensity of UV emission at −2 V was increased by 10.5 times compared to that at −2.8 V and its FWHM was also minimized to 162 meV. This enhancement was caused mainly by the size and density of ZnO NRAs. As the size of ZnO nanorods is decreased and their surface area is increased, the incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency and PL property can be improved [31].